Molecular markers are crucial tools in modern plant genetics and breeding, enabling the detection of genetic
polymorphisms at the DNA level. These markers, which include RFLP, RAPD, SSR, SNPs, and others,
provide critical insights into genome structure, diversity, and gene-trait associations without being
influenced by environmental factors. This review explores the classification, properties, and diverse
applications of molecular markers in plant science. Key uses include DUS testing, seed health diagnostics,
variety identification, genetic purity assessment, germplasm conservation, genetic diversity studies, QTL
mapping, and marker-assisted selection (MAS). Advancements from hybridization-based to PCR-based and
sequence-based markers have significantly improved marker specificity, throughput, and cost-efficiency.
Techniques like next-generation sequencing and DNA chip technology have further revolutionized
genotyping accuracy and speed. Despite their many benefits, molecular markers have not been widely used
in regular seed testing because of challenges, including high implementation costs and the need for
specialist knowledge. They should become more accessible, nevertheless, as a result of continuous attempts
to standardize processes and falling prices. The development of more robust and affordable marker systems,
as well as the integration of genetic data with phenotypic and environmental data for thorough variety
identification, are the main goals of future research.