Global importance and thus need to quantify the status of forest dynamics is increasing day by day. It is more so in the case of a country like India which is on the deficit side of forest cover in countering ecological balance. Information required for forest resource management includes extant, type of forest, felling/cutting, deforestation, afforestation, forest fire, forest flood, and extraction of bio-physical parameters like age of plantation, total biomass, canopy density etc. Widespread, vast span and difficult terrain, and inaccessibility makes it difficult to collect timely and periodic information about above mentioned parameter through conventional means. Forest mapping is one of the fields that witnessed the earliest application of remote sensing and GIS for nonmilitary purposes. using remote sensing data and GIS techniques, a forest manager can generate information regarding forest cover, types of forest present within an area of interest, human encroachment extent into forest land/protected areas, encroachment of desert-like conditions and so on [3].For the purpose of understanding the working of remote sensing and GIS, the basics are explained below

Post-storage deterioration of aggregatum onion under ambient conditions was investigated. Two indigenous [Perambalur local (PL) and Manachanallur Local (ML)] and two TNAU released varieties [Co (On) 5 & Co (On) 6] were taken up for this study. Determination of phenol, flavonoid, pyruvic acid, ascorbic acid and non-structural carbohydrates was carried out with an emphasis on different storage periods viz., 0th, 30th, 45th, and 60th days. As storage duration increased, the overall phenol content decreased. The mean total phenol concentration in PL was high (71.27 ± 0.64 mg GAE 100g-1 FW) on 60th day. The flavonoid concentration increased as the storage duration increased (0th to 60th day). The highest mean total flavonoid concentration was found in PL (69.07 ± 1.87 mg QE 100g-1 FW). The pyruvic acid content decreased with storage time, and the mean pyruvic acid content on the 60th day of storage was greater in PL 2.79±0.05 mole g-1 FW. The ascorbic acid content was reduced as storage time increased. The Co (On) 6 has the highest ascorbic acid 8.52±0.28 mg 100 g-1FW. As storage days varied, a fluctuating sugar profile pattern was seen among various onion cultivars. When germination first began, the concentrations of glucose and fructose increased while sucrose decreased. Thus, post-harvest storage studies confirm the nutrient loss during storage and the variety PL was regarded as one of the best cultivars that can withstand post-harvest nutrient loss than the other varieties.

Bio-materials are pyrolyzed to create biochar, a stable form of carbon. Because of its potential to boost crop productivity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and trap carbon in the soil, it is gaining attention on a global scale. Rice and maize were used as test crops in laboratory, pot, and field tests to assess the effects of biochar made from Prosopis wood on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emission from the soil. The Prosopis wood biochar had an exchangeable acidity of 49 mmol kg-1 and a cation exchange capacity of 16 cmol kg-1, and its pH was neutral. The Prosopis-Biochar contained a significant amount of carbon (940 g kg-1). Under intermittent wetting and drying conditions, biochar application was observed to lower CO2-C emission by 31 to 36%, and by 47 to 54% under continuous submersion. Additionally, it had an impact on the soil’s CO2-C emissions, which were decreased by 49%. in garden land soils. Due to the application of biochar, the C sequestration in garden land soil under maize ranged from 2644 to 5431 kg ha-1. When Biochar was added to the soil under submerged conditions at rates of 2.5 and 5 t ha-1, the CH4 – C was reduced by 20% and 45.8%, respectively. The application of vermicompost and biochar together effectively reduced the CH4 – C emission from the soil by 36.7 to 66.1%. Similarly to this, applying biochar reduces CH4 – C emission under intermittent wetting and drying by 23.6 to 46.3% without any vermicompost and by 28.3 to 56.2% with vermicompost. The application of biochar has the inherent potential to increase crop output, decrease CO2 and CH4 emissions, and sequester significant amounts of carbon in the soil.

Fish meal is an integral part of broiler diet despite having issues like storage and randicity. The prices of fish meal suddenly shot up during COVID pandemic. Taking this problem in mind, the following experiment was carried out to study the growth performance of chicken broilers with Sodium Sulphate and Fish Oil supplementation in an is oproteneic and is oenergetic fish meal free ration. One hundred eighty, one-day-old broiler chicks of Ven-Cobb strain-400 were distributed into 4 treatment groups (T0, T1, T2 and T3) each having 45 chicks which were further divided into 3 replicates of 15 chicks in each replicate. A completely randomized design was followed. Initial body weight, weekly body weight and weekly feed intake were recorded and other production parameters were calculated on the basis of initially recorded readings. The combination of Sodium Sulphate and Fish Oil improved all parameters related to body weight and feed intake of chicken broilers in comparison to the control group. The mean FCR, mean cumulative FCR and mean phase-wise FCR of chicken broilers were better in Sodium Sulphate with the Fish Oil supplemented group. The inclusion of Sodium Sulphate with Fish Oil in ration also improved the performance index, protein efficiency, production number and energy efficiency of broilers. Therefore, combination of Sodium Sulphate and Fish Oil may possibly replace fish meal in the diet of chicken broilers.

A field experiment was conducted during the kharif and rabi sessions of 2015-16 and 2016-17 at the Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Ganiwan, and Chitrakoot (U.P.). Bundelkhand region of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh is drought affected and the farmers adopt different cropping system with imbalance fertilizer uses. Cereals and pulses both are known to respond well to balance fertilizer applications. If balance fertilizer can be included in the fertilizer schedule for maize, soybean, rice-wheat cropping system, not only productivity of the system can be optimized with increased cereals and pulses productivity but also improve quality of produce. The fertilizer consumption of India has increased from 0.78 million tonnes nutrients in 1965-66 to about 27.22 million tonnes nutrients in 20018-19 [17]. But in this period the cultivated crops depleted more mineral nutrients than replenishment through fertilizers, thus leaving the deficit of about 7 million tonnes of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. These types of trends to nutrient deficit are still counting because of profit motivated cultivation with imbalanced uses of fertilizers and this is the major factor which has been recently observed as a decline in growth rate of food grain production and factor productivity. In spite of the use of recommended dose of fertilizers, enhance in yield is not encouraging, which exhibits that there is need to supply secondary and micronutrient in addition to major nutrient. At least five essential nutrients are of wide spread practical importance. These are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), and zinc (Zn).
The objective was the diversification of a wheat-based cropping system with nutrient management in the Central Plateau of U.P. In the kharif season, maize, soybean, and rice crops were raised under 7 fertility levels in a randomized block design. In rabi season, wheat was grown in the same plots keeping 3 cropping systems in the main plots and 7 fertility levels in sub-plots. This 21 treatment combinations were tried in a split-plot design with 4 replications. The treatment T4: 75% NPK+VC 2 t/ha to kharif and 100% NPK to wheat recorded significantly higher total N, P and K uptake by maize (79.84, 19.85, and 144 kg/ha, respectively). The maximum NPK uptake by soybean was 340.37, 17.27, and 147.32 kg/ha, respectively. Similarly, the same treatment T4 brought about the highest NPK uptake by rice (102.02, 28.64 and 94.63 kg/ha, respectively). Thereafter T5: 75% NPK+VC 2 t/ha to kharif and 75% NPK to wheat and T6: 75% NPK+VC 2 t/ha to kharif and 50% NPK to wheat having the same dose 75% NPK+VC 2 t/ha to kharif and 50% NPK to wheat/ha performed almost equally better with respect to NPK uptake by all the kharif crops grown under wheat-based cropping system. The total biomass (grain + straw) produced by maize, soybean, and rice in T4 treatment was 101.68, 81.66, and 95.97 q/ha, respectively. The different cropping systems had no significant changes in the NPK uptake by the succeeding wheat. But amongst the residual nutrient levels, T4 recorded total N, P, and K uptake by wheat (110.37, 21.84 and 139.62 kg/ha, respectively. In this treatment, the total biomass of wheat was 103.08 q/ha. The second and third-best treatments were T5 and T6, respectively. On the other hand treatment, T1-100% NPK to kharif and 100% NPK to wheat-producing total biomass (58.29 q/ha) was recorded the lowest NPK uptake (60.29, and 11.96 and 76.96 kg/ha, respectively).

Bay Leaf (Cinnamomum tamala) is an aromatic leaf of the Lauraceae family commonly known as “Tejpatta” in India with various medicinal properties. Usually cultivated at 500m to 2200m altitude in sub-montane and montane Himalayas. It’s a perennial or small evergreen tree, attaining 8-12 meters in height and a girth of 150 cm. Due to its high flavors, it’s usually used in Biryanis, soups, and vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. It is used in the treatment of rheumatism, diarrhea, colic, enlargement of the spleen, and snakebite due to its antibacterial and -anti-fungal properties. It has hyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic activity, gastroprotective, anti-helminthic/ antiprotozoal activity, antidiarrhoeal, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. In the present study, 300 samples were selected and motivated to consume bay leaf tea for six months instead of Milk tea. Bay Leaf tea consumption was initially not appreciated but consumption over time till 6 months in replacement of milk tea was 100% accepted. The association of acceptability of Bay tea over time was studied with a chi-square test and found significant at a 1% the level of significance. The association of acceptability of Bay tea over time was studied with a Regression test and found significant at a 1% of the level of significance. Hence with an increase in days, the acceptability of Bay leaf Tea has increased.

Two-season field experiments were conducted with the objective of finding the performance of corn hybrid and cultivar under three different farming methods i.e., Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF), organic farming (OF), and chemical farming (CF) along with control, in Telangana State, Southern India. The experiment was set up in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. The hybrid (DHM 117) outperformed the cultivar (Ashwini) in terms of growth, yield, economics, and energetics. Corn plants grew taller with higher dry matter accumulation, yield components (cob length, girth, number of kernels per row, and 100 kernel weight), and yields (kernel and stover) in CF compared to OF and ZBNF. While weed growth was lower and soil moisture was higher in ZBNF compared to OF and CF. The yield loss was significantly higher in the hybrid compared to cultivars in OF and ZBNF compared to CF. The yield of hybrid was only 40% and 18.9% of that CF in OF and ZBNF, respectively. Similarly, the cultivar recorded 67% and 28.8% of the yield of CF in OF and ZBNF, respectively. OF used higher energy input (59094 MJ ha-1) and recorded higher specific energy while the energy output was the maximum with CF. The energy productivity and energy use efficiency were superior with ZBNF compared to that in OF and CF. The gross returns realized in OF and ZBNF could not meet the variable costs of cultivation while the benefit-cost ratio in CF was 1.62 with hybrid and 0.2 with cultivar.

Tomato is a major vegetable crop grown in the Nizamabad district of Telangana State. The average productivity of tomato crops in India is quite low when compared with other nations and the world average of 34 MT ha-1 and there exists a good scope to improve its average productivity in Telangana as well as in India to fulfill both domestic and national needs. One of the major constraints for low productivity of this vegetable may be due to the partial adoption of recommended package of practices and post-harvest losses due to poor crop management at the field level by the tomato growers. The present study was conducted in Kotagir Mandal, Nizamabad district of Telangana State during Kharif 2017-18 and 2018-19 in 10 locations of farmer fields each location with 1 acre in cluster mode with an objective of studying the impact on change in the area of tomato cultivation with trellis and mulching technology after successfully conducting Front Line Demonstrations by KVK Nizamabad using sequential extension methodology. The Front Line Demonstration resulted in fruit yields of 890 and 795 q ha-1 with an incremental percent of 58.92 and 70.96 during 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively producing a significant positive result providing an opportunity to demonstrate the production potential and profitability of the latest technology (intervention) under the real farming situation. This could circumvent some of the constraints in the existing transfer of technology systems in the Northern Telangana Zone. The productivity gain of 330 q ha-1 under FLD over existing practices of tomato cultivation has created greater awareness and motivated the farmers of the zone to adopt the trellis technology for tomato production. The effort of KVK, Nizamabad in conducting FLDs on Trellis technology with mulching in Tomato with the appropriate strategy for improving farmer’s income by following Sequential Extension Methodology integrating the Technology helps in enhancing farmer’s income indirectly.

Histologically, proventriculus of Poonchi bird consisted of tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Tunica mucosa was arranged in folds of variable height. Lamina epithelialis consisted of simple columnar epithelium. Tunica submucosa presented compound tubule-alveolar submucosal/proventricular glands which varied from round, oval, hexagonal or polymorphic lobules separated by connective tissue. Within each lobule, numerous glandular tubules and alveoli had radiating arrangement lined by cuboidal epithelium. Tunica muscularis consisted of three layers of smooth muscles. Tunica serosa consisted of loose connective tissue containing nerves and blood vessels. Thickness of tunica mucosa was 490.86 ± 43.47 µ. Tunica submucosa was 1641.16 ± 116.49 µ thick. Thickness of tunica muscularis was 427.99 ± 22.06 µ. The outer muscle layer was thickest (114.37 ± 9.81 µ). The thickness of tunica serosa was 83.68 ± 3.64 µ. Histochemically, the mucosal epithelial lining showed strong positive reaction to PAS-AB (pH 2.5). The glandular secretions were strongly positive to PAS. The epithelial lining of secretory ducts and secretory units of the compound tubule-alveolar glands showed strong reaction with both PAS stain and PAS-AB stain indicating the presence of both neutral and acid mucins. With PAS-AB stain, the cells towards the central cavity stained reddish purple whereas towards bottoms, cells were bluish indicating acidic mucins. Submucosal glands and tunica muscularis layer showed strong reaction for basic proteins. Cells of sub-mucosal glands showed moderate to strong reaction for lipids in supra-nuclear zone.

Jute is a significant fibercrop in Eastern India, where it plays an essential role in people’s livelihoods. The crop’s production has been dropping in recent years due to a variety of abiotic issues, the most prominent of which is poor soil nutrient management. To address the issue,surface soil samples were taken from four blocks in Odisha’s Kendrapada district to determine the status and extent of soil major and micronutrient deficiency, as well as the relationship between soil attributes and nutrient availability, including the temporal changes in nutrients over 12 years periods. The result showed that the extent of NPS deficiency in this jute-growing region was 97.5, 34.58, and 70.83% respectively. The multi-nutrient deficiency was highest for N+S (29%) and lowest for N+P+S (12%). Among micronutrients Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn varied from 53.32 to 225.36, 40 to 167, 2.57 to 8.10, and 0.76 to 2.20 mg/kg, respectively. A regression study revealed that basic soil parameters such as pH, EC, and OC, etc. influenced soil nutrients to the greatest amount (59.8% for Fe, followed by K).When present soil nutrient status was compared to data from 12 years ago, N and S levels had fallen, but other major and micronutrient levels had stayed essentially stable. According to the findings, jute farming requires management to restore long-term output and soil health.