The desires to live independently during old age throw challenge to designers to think up suitable dwelling that facilitates the elderly to age in place. The present research aimed at identifying the gap between existing housing conditions and the housing needs of the elderly and design a studio apartment a self-contained housing unit that places a whole lot of activities in a single room except the bathroom. The standard design guidelines served as a yardstick to identify the existing features and for proposing the design of the studio apartment. The houses in which the elderly were residing were found lacking in space allowances for circulation and wheelchair use. The Majority of the houses may not facilitate the elderly to age in place. The bath rooms in existing elderly houses were found lacking in features like sufficient space for wheel chair, fittings and fixtures to ensure safety and convenience in usage. The clearance space for making bed, for movement around bed, for making use of space on one side of the bed was found to be satisfactory in slightly more than half of the study sample. No extra effort was taken to make flooring non-slippery in the existing elderly houses. The results revealed that there exists a significant association between existing conditions of living room, bathroom and flooring with design needs the of elderly. Housing needs and requirements of the elderly people were taken into account and the design of a studio apartment was developed as per the standard guidelines.

The present study was carried out with the objective to know the women buying patterns towards nail care products in Hyderabad city by adopting an ex post facto research design. A total of 120 women respondents were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. The chi-square test was used to know the association between independent and dependent variables. Results revealed that the majority of the respondents used nail paint and least used nail care was nail decorator. About forty- five percent of the respondents have preferred chemical-based nail care products. The majority of the nail care product users got influenced by television advertisements and quality factors and the least was newspaper and pamphlets.

For efficient agriculture and flood risk reduction, the Palar sub-basin requires strong water asset management. For hydrological demonstration, A semi-circulated based model, SWAT, was chosen and created in the Palar sub-basin. As part of the validation and calibration process, the Sequential Uncertainty Fitting (SUFI-2) approach was applied to the SWAT CUP model (SWAT-Calibration and Uncertainty Programs).The seven-year observed daily series of inflow data was used to calibrate and validate the SWAT model (2003-2012). The initial three years (2003-2005) were used to set the warm-up period in the SWAT model. The subsequent four years (2006-2009) were used for calibration and the remaining three years (2010-2012) for validation. Two variables, the p-factor, and the r-factor, were used to assess the competence of model validation and calibration. The calculated P-factor and r-factor for validation were 0.84 and 0.24, respectively. The P-factor with high value (0.84) expressed that 84 percent of observed inflow fell within the model uncertainty range (95 PPU). As the r-factor describes the thickness of the uncertainty band, less r-factor of 0.24 indicated the lower predictive uncertainty of the model during the validation stage. The further predictive capability of the model was quantified by PBIAS, RSR, and R2. The presence of high agreement between the observed and simulated stream flow was shown by R2 values of more than 0.8 for calibration (0.81) and validation (0.85). The NS value above 0.7 during calibration (0.75) and validation (0.8) also stated the good performance of the model. PBIAS demonstrated a smaller deviation of simulated values from the observed values by 13.3 and 11.5 % for the calibration and validation phase respectively. The discoveries would be valuable to the hydrological local area, water resource administrators working in Agriculture and soil water protection, policymakers and managing catastrophes like dry spells and floods.

The present study investigated the relationships between anthropometric measurements of female college students. The study was conducted on a relatively small sample size of female college students. The sample consisted of 15 respondents with an age range from 16 to 23 years. The anthropometric measurements included age, height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, Waist-Hip Ratio(WHR) and Waist circumference – Height Ratio (WHtR). The results of the study showed that there were significant correlations between age and each of the other variables. The strength of the correlations varied from moderate to strong, with the strongest correlation being between age and Body mass index(BMI). Additionally, the results of the regression analysis showed that BMI was a significant predictor of waist circumference. These findings suggest that there are important relationships between anthropometric measurements of female college students. These relationships can be used to better understand the risk factors for obesity and other health conditions. The study also has some limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small, which may limit the generalization of the findings. Second, the study was a cross-sectional design which restricts the ability to establish causal relationships between variables. Despite these limitations, the study provides valuable insights into the relationships between anthropometric measurements of female college students. These findings can be used for health interventions and emphasize the importance of monitoring body composition changes and addressing associated health risks in this population. The study suggests that there are significant correlations between age and various body composition variables.

This research aimed to assess the efficacy of integrated nutrient management (INM) on the growth and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.). The experiment comprised seven treatments, namely control as 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF): T1; 75% RDF + vermicompost: T2; 50% RDF + vermicompost: T3; 75% RDF + Rhizobium: T4; 50% RDF + Rhizobium: T5; 75% RDF + vermicompost + sulfur: T6; and 50% RDF + Rhizobium + Sulfur: T7, respectively. The experiment was designed in a Randomized Block Design with three replications, and various observations were made on plant growth, the number of primary and secondary branches, yield, and quality parameters. The results of the experiment indicated that the T6 treatment demonstrated the most favorable outcomes in terms of plant height (197.54 cm) at the harvest, number of primary and secondary branches (9.3 and 12.3), and other growth parameters compared to the control treatment. Concerning yield parameters, the same treatment exhibited the highest siliqua length (6.76 cm), test weight (6.26 g), and seed yield (1690 kg/ha), while the lowest yield parameters were observed in the Control treatment (100% recommended dose of fertilizer). Additionally, the T6 treatment recorded the highest oil content (35.76%) and protein content (42.87%), whereas the Control treatment had the lowest quality parameters. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the T6 treatment showed the most effectiveness in enhancing the growth, yield, and quality attributes of Indian mustard.

The current study was carried out with the objective of determining the most effective pre-drying preservative treatments and the best drying method for marigold flowers. The flowers of marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda were subjected to four different chemical pre-drying treatments, comprising of P0 (control), P1 (2% citric acid), P2 (10% MgCl2), P3(1:3 glycerol: water), and five different drying techniques, viz., D0 (air drying), D1 (silica gel + hot air oven), D2 (silica gel + microwave oven), D3 (Borax + hot air oven) and D4 (Borax + microwave oven). Results revealed that the maximum dry flower weight (1.55 g), minimum percent moisture loss (78.89 %), maximum dry flower diameter (4.64 cm), lowest diameter reduction (1.38 cm), minimum drying time (77.66 h), maximum score for color (2.82), texture (2.64), shape (3.60), non-shattering of petals (3.84) and overall acceptability (3.62) were achieved after pre-drying treatment with 1: 3 glycerol: water. Silica gel embedded flowers dried in a hot air oven resulted in less reduction in diameter (1.14 cm) and the maximum score for color (4.00), texture (4.10), shape (4.23), non-shattering of petals (4.18) and overall acceptability (4.55). Among the interaction effect, pre-treatment of glycerol: water (1: 3) and drying method (silica gel + hot air oven) showed the least amount of diameter reduction (0.97cm) and maximum scores for color (4.30), texture (4.50), shape (4.50), non-shattering of petals (4.50) and overall acceptability (4.80). Flowers dried in a microwave oven with either of the desiccant used took the least time to dry recording 0.16h. Air-dried flowers without embedding recorded the least dry flower weight (0.74g), maximum percent moisture loss (90.14%), minimum dry flower diameter (3.10cm), and largest diameter reduction (2.94cm). However, air drying took the longest drying time (352.33 h) and also yielded unacceptable dried flowers with minimum scores for color (1.20), texture (1.28), shape (1.93), and overall acceptability (2.30).

A study has been carried out to estimate the level of nitrate content level in different sources of water subjected to livestock feeding. Approximately, 1160 water samples were collected from Namakkal districts comprising 15 blocks and in each block two village were selected. The nitrate was analyzed by using kit method. The Nitrate level showed that 84.3% of samples had 10-50 ppm, 25.5% had 51-100 ppm, 4.1% had 101-300 ppm, and 0.2% had above 300 ppm and 20.1% had traces of nitrate content respectively. From the result analysis, it has been suggested that water samples below100 ppm of nitrate after storing 1 or 2 days should be suitable for the consumption for dairy cattle.

Like every other occupation, agriculture has its own constraints. In such a way, this article portrays the various constraints/ barriers experienced by the Davanagere district betelvine growers involved in betelvine cultivation. Harihara and Honnali taluks of the Davanagere district were purposively selected as it holds the highest area under betelvine cultivation. Twenty-five betelvine growers were selected from each of the six selected villages of two taluks of the Davanagere district of Karnataka. The selected betelvine growers were enquired about the difficulties experienced in betelvine cultivation using a three-point continuum and analyzed using Constraint Faced Index (CFI). Based on the study, it was found that yield loss due to inconsistent climatic conditions, high cost of labour, high cost of chemicals and fluctuation in market price were the prominent technical, labour, economic and marketing constraints experienced by the betelvine growers of Davanagere district respectively. Encouraging value-added products was the highly suggested measure followed by a provision of good quality inputs and providing credit facilities were the key suggestions put forward by the betelvine growers to overcome the constraints.

Post-storage deterioration of aggregatum onion under ambient conditions was investigated. Two indigenous [Perambalur local (PL) and Manachanallur Local (ML)] and two TNAU released varieties [Co (On) 5 & Co (On) 6] were taken up for this study. Determination of phenol, flavonoid, pyruvic acid, ascorbic acid and non-structural carbohydrates was carried out with an emphasis on different storage periods viz., 0th, 30th, 45th, and 60th days. As storage duration increased, the overall phenol content decreased. The mean total phenol concentration in PL was high (71.27 ± 0.64 mg GAE 100g-1 FW) on 60th day. The flavonoid concentration increased as the storage duration increased (0th to 60th day). The highest mean total flavonoid concentration was found in PL (69.07 ± 1.87 mg QE 100g-1 FW). The pyruvic acid content decreased with storage time, and the mean pyruvic acid content on the 60th day of storage was greater in PL 2.79±0.05 mole g-1 FW. The ascorbic acid content was reduced as storage time increased. The Co (On) 6 has the highest ascorbic acid 8.52±0.28 mg 100 g-1FW. As storage days varied, a fluctuating sugar profile pattern was seen among various onion cultivars. When germination first began, the concentrations of glucose and fructose increased while sucrose decreased. Thus, post-harvest storage studies confirm the nutrient loss during storage and the variety PL was regarded as one of the best cultivars that can withstand post-harvest nutrient loss than the other varieties.

Bio-materials are pyrolyzed to create biochar, a stable form of carbon. Because of its potential to boost crop productivity, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and trap carbon in the soil, it is gaining attention on a global scale. Rice and maize were used as test crops in laboratory, pot, and field tests to assess the effects of biochar made from Prosopis wood on carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emission from the soil. The Prosopis wood biochar had an exchangeable acidity of 49 mmol kg-1 and a cation exchange capacity of 16 cmol kg-1, and its pH was neutral. The Prosopis-Biochar contained a significant amount of carbon (940 g kg-1). Under intermittent wetting and drying conditions, biochar application was observed to lower CO2-C emission by 31 to 36%, and by 47 to 54% under continuous submersion. Additionally, it had an impact on the soil’s CO2-C emissions, which were decreased by 49%. in garden land soils. Due to the application of biochar, the C sequestration in garden land soil under maize ranged from 2644 to 5431 kg ha-1. When Biochar was added to the soil under submerged conditions at rates of 2.5 and 5 t ha-1, the CH4 – C was reduced by 20% and 45.8%, respectively. The application of vermicompost and biochar together effectively reduced the CH4 – C emission from the soil by 36.7 to 66.1%. Similarly to this, applying biochar reduces CH4 – C emission under intermittent wetting and drying by 23.6 to 46.3% without any vermicompost and by 28.3 to 56.2% with vermicompost. The application of biochar has the inherent potential to increase crop output, decrease CO2 and CH4 emissions, and sequester significant amounts of carbon in the soil.