The study of interior design, its development, and change through history is a useful way both to explore the past and to make sense of the space in which modern life is built. Professional interior designers are expected to study design history, to know the practices of the past in terms of “styles” and to know the names and the nature of the contributions in those eras who generated the most interesting and influential approaches to design. The periods /examples chosen in this study depict the vernacular design of historic periods. Building and their interiors are planned to serve the purpose and styles of the times of their origins, but they exert their influence on the activities and lives that they house as long as they continue in use. The challenges of this study was to identify the overall design practices in different eras and comparisons were drawn in respect of design considerations. The choice made here is to emphasize Western i.e. European and American design practice and its prehistoric origins.

Neem, Azadirachta indica belongs to family Meliaceae is native to India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Nepal and Pakistan grown well in tropical and sub-tropical regions. It is well known fact that neem plant parts have immense medicinal value and great potential in lowering down various plant infections. To exploit the impact of neem based formulations on multiplication of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and growth of tomato cv. SL-120 was investigated under pot condition. The observations on the root weight, shoot weight, gall per plant and eggs per plant, eggs/plant, J2 population in soil, J2 population in soil, eggs per egg mass initial population, Total nematode population and their nematode multiplication factor showed that the various neem formulations used in the experiments i.e. Ethanol neem leaf extract @ 5% and 7.5%, Neem leaf extract@ 5% and 7.5%, Neem leaf compost@ 5% and 7.5%, Achook@ 5% and 7.5% and Neem cake @ 5% and 7.5 percent doses decreased the gall formation, egg formation, soil and root population and nematode multiplication factor parameters while a positive impact on tomato plant growth parameters i.e. root weight, shoot weight and total nematode population was observed. The root-drip treatments are more effective comparison to the soil application in experiments. The higher dose of neem formulations was observed to be more effective as compared to the lower dose i.e. 5.0 and 7.5 % of neem formulations on the reproduction parameters of the Meloidogyne incognita and the growth parameters of tomato plants.

Cyperus rotundus and C. difformis are members of Cyperaceae family which are well-known problematic weeds in the agricultural ecosystem. Although they have different morphological and anatomical characteristics, belong to the same genus and family. The leaves and stems of both species were anatomically characterized in this study to identify diagnostic features and determine a possible relationship between C. rotundus and C. difformis. Epidermal and cross sections of leaves and stems were examined using standard anatomical methods. Transverse sections of leaves and stems of both species displayed useful diagnostic traits. The absence of kranz tissue and minor vascular bundles in C. difformis leaves contrasts with the presence of kranz tissue and minor vascular bundles in C. rotundus. The center of the leaf is occupied by a major vascular bundle encircled by a bundle sheath in both species. The existence of air cavities in the transverse section of C. difformis stem indicated their growing habit under submergence. The higher stomatal density and less interveinal distance were observed in C. difformis than C. rotundus. The results showed that leaf anatomical characters in two species, such as the presence of kranz tissue and interveinal distance, provide a reliable basis for the Cyperus genus, which contains species with both C3 and C4 plants. C. difformis is a C3 species, while C. rotundus is a C4 species.

A field experiment was performed in the Rabi season, 2021-2022 at the agricultural fields of Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, and Punjab. In split-plot design, the experiment has been replicated three times and, with six treatment combinations. The treatment combination includes six urea and nano urea (nitrogen) levels, 0, 100% urea, 75% urea and @4 ml nano urea spray, 75% urea and @2 ml nano urea spray, 50% urea and @4 ml nano urea spray and 50% urea and 2 ml nano urea spray and two oat varieties ( kent and hybrid). The kent variety has maximum plantheight at the time of 60 days of sowing is T2 (100% RDF) (95.4 cm) and minimumhybrid variety plant height is T1 (control) (34.8 cm) at the same period of time. Themaximum no. of leaves/plant in kent variety T2 (28) and lowest leaf/plant in hybridvariety T1 (18), leaf area is more in kent variety T2 (97.92 cm 2 ) and lowest in hybrid T1(44.37cm 2 ), after harvesting the maximum green fodder yield in kent variety T2 (29.38t/ha) and dry fodder yield (6.39 t/ha) and the lowest green and dry fodder yield inhybrid T1 (18.31 t/ha) and (2.97t/ha) respectively.

Eye is the major organ in the body. So when women have to enhance the beauty of eye with cosmetics, extra care has to be taken to safe guard the eye. Various cosmetic products are used to beautify the eye i.e. mascara, eye liner, kajal, eye shadow, eye cream etc. So, to know the women buying patterns towards eye care products, the current study was conducted in Hyderabad city by adopting an ex post facto research design. A simple random sampling technique was adopted to collect data from 120 women respondents. A chi-square test was done to know the association between independent and dependent variables. Results revealed that the majority of the eye care product users have preferred chemical eye care products followed by Ayurvedic and herbal eye care products. The most preferred and satisfied brand in the case of eyeliner and mascara were Lakme, in the case of eye cream was Eyetech followed by Nivea and Lakme. Majority of the eye care product users got influenced by quality followed by personal experience, brand name, Television Advertisements, and the least hoardings and salesperson advice about the products.

The plants face so much stress which includes the biotic as well as abiotic. Abiotic stress like cold, drought, and heat stress is very common and these all are impacted the plants. The study of drought stress is the main and important component in improving plant health. The present study deals with the study of drought tolerance with the response of mycorrhiza on the rice plant. Drought tolerance is the mechanism in plants where the plant tolerates stress by producing antioxidants and develops some morphological changes. In this study, the rice plants were subjected to drought conditions, and various biochemical parameters were figured out from this research. The biochemical parameters like proline content where the AMF was more effective at the tillering phase of the crop rather than the reproductive phase of the crop. The antioxidants’ activity like catalase and SOD were shown high content with the inoculation of AMF in stress conditions. Total soluble sugar, lipid peroxidation, and ascorbate acid content showed positive results with the symbiosis of AMF in the stress condition. Therefore this study supports the research of inoculation of AMF in rice in drought stress but using two different varieties of rice.

The Minikit demonstrations in groundnut crop with test entry K-1812 were conducted by DAATT Centre, Anantapuramu in farmers fields at 15 different locations during the kharif season under rainfed conditions from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate its performance and acceptability by the farmers. Kadiri-6 variety was the check variety that is most popular among the groundnut farming community. The results revealed that the highest pod yield was obtained in the demonstration plot (K-1812) with an average of 1187 kg/ha as compared to 980kg/ha in the control plot (Kadiri-6). Higher net returns (Rs 33107/ha) was obtained in demonstration plots compared to farmers practice plot (Rs 23192/ha). The increase in the demonstration yield over farmers practice was 17.16 per cent. The B:C Ratio recorded in the demonstration plot was 2.4, whereas in case of farmers practice it was only 1.9.

In agriculture, water is the most important factor. Water is supplied to the crops naturally through precipitation and subsurface moisture, but when these supplies prove to be inadequate for crop use, growers must resort to irrigation. In recent years water availability were the major issue faced in Tamil Nadu. This is because of abnormalities in climatic conditions. So identifying evapotranspiration for the crop is important. Evapotranspiration is the movement of water through evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration from the plant into the atmosphere. By forecasting daily evapotranspiration for crops the irrigation pattern can be modeled. For our study rice crop is selected to forecast the evapotranspiration. Rice is a staple food for a large number of people and is the single largest food source for the poor. The weather parameters were observed for  the pishanam season for two years (2020-2022). Evapotranspiration was calculated using three models like 1948 penman model, the Penman-Monteith model and the FAO56 Penman-Monteith model. Using less RMSE(3.41) and a high R square (0.98) value FAO 56 Penman-Monteith model was identified as best model for forecasting evapotranspiration.

The experiment was conducted for intellect’s most recent inference from studies on the role of tillage and organic residues to changes in soil reaction(pH)and electrical conductivity (EC). Changes in soil pH and EC influenced by crop residues under three tillage systems namely; conventional tillage with residue burning (CT), reduced tillage with residue incorporation (RT), and no-tillage with residue retention (NT) and having initial soil pH (pH 8.16, 8.17, 8.17 and 8.18) at 0-5, 5-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm soil depths respectively. Changes in pH were related to crop residue incorporation/retention however, the comparative influence of crop residue on pH declines significantly (P < 0.05) at high initial soil pH (8.16). The data also revealed that under conservation tillage (NT and RT) soil pH was lower than conventional tillage at the surface layer (0-5 cm depth). It was also seen that after the end of4^th crop cycle soil alkalinity gets reduced mainly under NT for the maize + pigeon pea (7.45) cropping system followed by maize-gram (7.51), soybean-wheat (7.57), and soybean+ pigeon pea (7.57) at 0-5 cm depth. The results trend depicted that under different tillage systems the order NT < RT < CTwas followed over all the depths. The continuous addition of crop residue and minimal/no disturbance of soil resulted in changes in soluble salt concentration that were negligible across all the depths and it was very well underneath the threshold boundaries. This evidence focuses on a better appreciation of residue chemistry and its relationship with soil environs in order to predict the fluxes in biochemical properties such as pH.

The present investigation was carried out to study the “Housing Practices and housing facilities in Gaushalas of Haryana”. The data from 30 Gaushalas of Haryana were collected during the period started from April, 2017 to February, 2018 through interview using a structured questionnaire and by on site observation. These 30 Gaushalas were divided into three categories based on the number of animals present in Gaushalas as small (100-500 animals), medium (501-1000 animals) and large size Gaushalas (>1000 animals). The data were collected and analyzed on existing housing facilities like availability of floor space, type and height of roof, type of floors, microclimate protection measures and feeding and watering space availability of different categories of cattle i. e. milch cows, calves and heifers, unproductive cows and bulls and bullocks are maintained in Gaushalas. Findings of the availability of floor space (sq ft) per milch cows and heifers was significantly (P<0.05) higher in medium and large Gaushalas as compared to small Gaushalas. The different floor types inside the shed were concrete (36.67%), brick-on-edge (30%) and concrete + brick-on-edge (33.33%), while in open paddock brick-on-edge (53.33%) kachha (16.67), concrete + brick-on-edge (13.33) and kachha + brick-on-edge (13.33%) floors. The roofing materials used in Gaushalas were asbestos + RCC (40.00 %), RCC+ G I sheets (23.33%), RCC (16.67%). It could be concluded that the housing practices and housing facilities were better in large Gaushalas as compared to small and medium Gaushalas.