Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a virus-borne infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 viral. Most patients infected with the virus will have mild to severe respiratory sickness and will recover without needing any speci ic therapy. The fact that wearing face masks inhibits SARS-CoV-2 transmission is quickly becoming widespread among the general public. The study aimed to evaluate the effective usage of facemask and level of comfort among college students during COVID Pandemic. Exploratory research design was used for the study. A sample of 200 students from various colleges of MPUAT, Udaipur were selected using random sampling design. A self-structured questionnaire was developed to collect the data. The results revealed that most of the students have a good knowledge level of corona virus and its prevention. Majority of students are familiar with surgical masks and cloth masks and expressed that among all respiratory masks are more ef icient in blocking corona virus particles.

Underutilized fruits are known as the powerhouse of nutrients and possess very high anti-oxidants and medicinal properties in spite of all these bene its their cultivation and consumption on a commercial basis are very low. For a substantial portion of the population’s nutritional security, low-cost, underutilized vegetable processing and value addition are crucial to reducing signi icant post-harvest losses to a greater extent. Consumption of chutney powder as a food adjunct is a common practice in Indian tradition. In this present study, instant chutney powder was developed using dried Manali tamarind aril powder. Different formulations ranged from 10.0% to 70.0% incorporation of dried aril powder were developed and the best combination was selected through sensory evaluation by using a 9-point hedonic scale. It was noted that 40.0% dry aril-incorporated chutney powder was best accepted. Due to the fruit’s seasonality, there was a limited supply and dif iculty obtaining the raw ingredients.

Oilseed production assumes great importance in India. Among oilseed crops,
rapeseed & mustard is the third most important group of oilseed crops in the world
after Soybean and palm oil. The Nizamabad district is the second major district in the
area and production of soybean crops in Telangana state. Most of the soils in
Nizamabad district are red and black soils with sandy loam texture. Major Kharif
crops grown in the study area are rice, soybean, maize, sugarcane, etc the present
study was conducted by following sequential extension methods in conducting CFLD
oilseeds under NMOOP with Basara variety which has been developed and released
by PJTSAU, Hyderabad. The study was focused on a combination and sequence of
extension methods to reach the farmers and persuade them to adopt the scientific
technology package in soybean through cluster mode. The technologies were
demonstrated right from land preparation to the marketing of the produce against the
check i.e. farmer's practice. Under CFLD Demonstration farmers have received a
16.35 percent yield increase over check and a 2.36:1 B: C ratio. To achieve these
results KVK, Rudrur has adopted the sequence of extension methodology like
Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Brainstorming sessions, Surveys, Interaction
with Principal Scientist (Oil seeds) & Literature development and distribution to the
farmers Orientation meeting, Critical input (Seed) distribution, Demonstration on
sowing with a seed drill, Field visits & Interaction meetings, Timely Agro advisories,
Training Programmes on crop production and plant protection aspects, Field Day
and documentation of feedback, Demonstration on mechanized harvesting, a
Training program on post-harvest management and marketing, Facilitating in the
marketing of the produce and linking with buyers to get good price Linking the
farmers to a source of good quality seed. Well-designed Sequential Extension
Methodology and Technology to reach Research output to the farmers through
Extension is the need of the hour. Successful implementation of extension activities
like Cluster Front Line Demonstrations through KVKs contributes to the income
security of the farmers.

Nine interspeci ic crosses obtained from crossing L.usitatissimum with two strains of L. bienne and seven strains of L. grandi lorum -1 were studied in detail for various morphological characters like days to maturity, No. of branches plant , pollen fertility (%), lower size (mm), seed color, 1000 seed weight (g), crossing ef iciency (%), capsule set, cell size (μm), stomata size (μm), and growth habit. Interspeci ic hybrids were generally intermediate for certain morphological characters studied. However, some of them exhibited vigor for characters like days to maturity, plant height, cell size, etc. The results suggested that the F cross-compatibility of 1 interspeci ic crosses was speci ic to the parents involved in cross and showed a wide variation of success in hybridization percent. The seed formation in the F plant was considerably reduced. the hybrids showed varying degrees of pollen and seed sterility despite their 1 chromosome pairing and separating regularly.

To increase the nutritional value of food crops and their endurance to water shortage circumstances, agronomic bioforti ication with zinc (Zn) and (Fe) may be used. By enhancing physiological and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, Zn and Fe may help plants tolerate water stress. Major objective of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar applied Zn and Fe on grain bioforti ication and drought tolerance in wheat. Treatments include application of Zinc and Iron at terminal growth phases (tillering (20-40 DAS), booting (60-80) and earing stages (100-110) growth stages) with each three levels: [Zn , Zn , and Zn ] 0% 1.0% 2.0% [Fe , Fe and Fe ]), laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. From the results revealed that water 0% 0.5% 1.0% stress signi icantly reduced relative water contents, gas exchange attributes, and morpho-physiological parameters (leaf area index at 30, 60, 90 DAS, chlorophyll intensity, Canopy temperature depression) and yield related attributes. In contrast to application of various levels of Zn and Fe signi icantly improved and were markedly increased under water stress condition leaf area index at 30, 60, and 90 DAS, chlorophyll intensity, canopy temperature depression, Zn uptake of seed, Fe uptake of seed and protein content of the seed. Foliar applied Zn and Fe predominantly reduced the damaging impact of water stress by improving the plant status in the 1.0% 0.5% form of leaf area index, chlorophyll intensity, canopy temperature depression, and Zn uptake of seed, Fe uptake of seed and protein content of the seed. Likewise, wheat plants treated with Zn and Fe under water stress conditions increased the grain yield by 1.0% 0.5% improving the number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight, and biological yield compared with control. Moreover, increasing Zn levels also increased Zn concentration in grains and leaves. Overall, this study suggests that the optimum level of Zn (1%) might be promising for alleviating the adverse impacts of water stress and enhance the grain bioforti ication in wheat.

Soil degradation has become a serious problem in both rainfed and irrigated areas of India. In India, 147 million hectares of land suffer from various kinds of degradation. Widespread land degradation caused by inappropriate agricultural practices has a direct and adverse impact on the environment, food, and livelihood security of farmers. For ensuring food and nutritional security on one hand conserving natural resources and ensuring environmental security in the other hand, there is an urgent need to employ and adopt conservation effective best practices in various aspects of agriculture. Adverse weather conditions impacting water and soil ecosystem resulting in farmers distress has become a major challenge in Nizamabad district. Therefore, an attempt has been made to help farmers to overcome the challenge disseminating climate resilient technologies with climate smart extension. This paper describes a few locations of speci ic technologies and practices demonstrated by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nizamabad, Telangana state under a technology demonstration component in a farmer’s ield for a climate-smart farming in rice, maize, and turmeric as major crops in the district to withstand the adverse climatic shocks. Conducting demonstrations on Aerobic rice and Organizing ield days and exposure visits on farmer’s own innovation with three different seed rates viz, 12,15 and 18 kgs per acre in aerobic rice and realization of good crop performance in 18 kgs per acre helped to change the perception of other farmers to adopt the technology. The on-farm testings on raised bed planting in maize, turmeric, and cluster front line demonstration on broad bed furrow planting in soybean saved the crops from failure with good yields in comparison to the latbed method of sowings while conserving soil and water during excess rainfall events, water logging, and prolonged dry spell conditions.

Stem rot is one of the most devastating diseases of jute caused by M. phaseolina, which is a
widespread soil, seed, air borne, and broad host pathogens. The infection may occur at any stage
from germination to maturity producing a copious number of sclerotia which blocks the xylem
vessels and result in vascular wilting. This research review incorporates comprehensive
information such as the biology of pathogen, pathogenicity, epidemiology, and disease
management. This information is prerequisite to design and formulate research program to
devise an effective strategy to control stem rot. Latest advancement and research in different
avenues of management such as; modified cultural practices, fungicide application, biocontrol
and genomic improvement have also been well dealt with in this article. The use of pathogen-
free seed in combination with plant-to-plant distance and alteration in the date of sowing can
minimize the spread of infection. Moreover, recent agricultural practices like crop monitoring
with surveillance programs can help early and precise detection, and economic management of
this disease. Substitution of traditional fungicides with new molecules and use of potential
biological agents can be very decisive controlling stems rot and in addition mitigation of
environmental pollution. However, the acclimatizing nature of the pathogen, scarcity of jute
varieties resistant to stem rot, non-disclosure of target genes of resistance required in molecular
breeding programs and transgenic technology are a few crucial challenges that are detrimental in
the exploration of the more effective management system. Holistic and supportive efforts of
stakeholders, and research institutions involved in the betterment of jute can be helping hands to
deal with challenges as M. phaseolina infects both Indian cultivated species of jute viz.,
Corchorus olitorius L. and Corchorus capsularis L. which account for a 35-40% reduction in
yield. The role of awareness programs and participatory approaches of jute growers will be an
added endeavor to root out stem rot disease and cash in on jute cultivation.

Now a day, pollution has become the biggest threat for the survival of the biological species.
There are different types of pollution e.g. air, water, soil, noise and mental pollution. Ornamental
plants instead of adding aesthetic values also improve environment by different ways like
Temperature regulation, oxygen production, regulate rainfall and check spread of desert, carbon
sequestration, control urban glare and reflection, control water and soil erosion, reduce impact of
weather through windbreaks, air, water and noise pollution. Soil salinity is also a major
environmental issue affecting livelihood of many due to the effects on agricultural productivity
and environmental quality. In this review, I tried to compile the work of different authors from
1971 to 2022.

Sucking pests like whitefly, aphid, thrips, and leafhopper pose a serious threat to cotton crop,
affecting yield and quality. Implementing integrated pest management strategies, which
involve the use of biopesticides is essential for successful control. The present experiment
was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different biopesticides and their combinations
against sucking insect pests in Bt cotton at Khalsa College, Amritsar, Punjab during kharif
2022. Considering the Economic Threshold Level (ETL) of pests, four sprays were given at
interval of 10 days. The data obtained revealed that a combination of neem oil and
Verticillium lecanii showed a maximum reduction in population of sucking pests viz. whitefly
(64.88%), aphid (70.59%), thrips (54.23%) and leafhopper (62.73%) at seven days after the
end of last spray. The present study highlights the significance of microbial biopesticides in
promoting eco-friendly and sustainable pest management.

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is one of the viruses affecting cucumbers (Cucumis
sativus). It is transmitted by aphids (Aphis gossypii) in a non-persistent manner. A minimum
number of one aphid was required to transmit the virus. However, the Maximum percent
transmission of CMV disease was obtained when 30 aphids were released per plant. Twenty
minutes of Acquisition Access Feeding period and an Inoculation Access Feeding Period of
24 hrs were required by aphids for higher percent transmission of CMV. The percentage of
transmission decreased with an increase in the acquisition access feeding period and
inoculation access feeding period of more than 20 minutes and 24 hrs respectively. A pre-
acquisition starvation period of 2 hrs ensured the higher percent transmission of CMV.