The world’s most significant cereal grain is rice (Oryza sativa L.). Nearly half of the population of the globe consumes it as a staple. It is a typical Asian cuisine that makes up between 40 and 80 percent of the total calories consumed after being cooked. The accuracy and efficiency of the milling machine, coupled with the behavior of the grain during milling, greatly influence the market value of the grain. Milling is a crucial unit operation in the processing of rice. Getting an edible, properly milled, white rice kernel that is impurity-free is the major goal of milling. Plenty of researchers have investigated the relationships between physicochemical properties and sensory quality. A general trend among the accessions with good eating quality is towards low protein, low amylose, high viscosity, low gelatinization temperature (GT), low hardness (HD), high stickiness, and high adhesiveness. Therefore, in the present study milling and sensory characteristics were evaluated to understand the marketability and palatability of the Indian indica sub-set of 3k rice germplasm. Overall, the milling recovery % for 250 3K lines ranged from 49.71 % to 86.31 %. Concerning overall acceptability, 93 lines fell under the dislike very much category, 124 lines fell under dis like moderate category, and 33 lines fell under neither like nor dislike category.

Green gram is a leguminous crop cultivated for its edible seed and recorded 30-50 percent losses in yield due to insect pests. It is important to understand the incidence of insect pests in the field and their relation with weather conditions. The crop was sown two times in a year, first in April-July (summer season) and second in August-October (Kharif season). Two insect pests (Bemisia tabaci and Aphis craccivora) were recorded from the summer season and two (Liriomyza cicerina and Helicoverpa armigera) were recorded from the Kharif season. B. tabaciand A. craccivora were reported during 20th Standard Meteorological Week (SMW), reached peak at 23rd SMW. L. cicerina and H. armigera were observed first time during the 38th SMW and reached peak at 40th SMW. The correlation coefficient between the insect pests and meteorological parameters revealed a positive significant correlation with maximum temperature and a negative non-significant correlation with minimum temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The information generated from the seasonal incidence of insect-pest will be helpful in improving crop yield and sustainable agriculture.

Orange fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) has emerged as promising plant source with a high β-carotene content that can make a significant contribution of the vitamin A intate of individual of risk of vitamin A deficiency. This crop is used to overcome vitamin A deficiency in South Asia and Sub-Saharan region. The present study is conducted to highlight the biochemical composition, antinutrients, and β-carotene contents of Gauri veriety of OFSP and its flour. The proximate and mineral composition and some anti-nutritional factors of flour and raw tubers were determined using standard methods. The nutritional compositions of OFSP flour were found as moisture (5.80 ± 0.35 g/100g), crude protein (6.33 ± 0.05 %), fat (1.41 ± 0.03 %), ash (4.64 ± 0.05 %), crude fiber (4.43 ± 0.08 %), total sugar (14.43 ± 0.17 g/100g), reducing sugar (6.57 ± 0.18 g/100g) and non reducing sugar (7.86 ± 0.02 g/100g), carbohydrate (77.38 ± 0.50 %) and energy (347.55 ± 1.70 Kcal). The minerals content i.e., calcium, iron, and phosphorous content of OFSP flour were quantified as 126.59 ± 1.90 mg, 2.14 ± 0.06 mg, and 115.00 ± 2.10 mg/100g respectively. OFSP flour was significantly higher in terms of β-carotene, total carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. Sensory evaluation of OFSP flour was carried out for 90 days at an interval of 30 days. The results revealed that there was a declining trend in the scores of sensory attributes during storage, but it was well accepted and liked by the panelists over 90 days of storage period. Thus, it was found that OFSP flour have and excellent nutritional profile from the nutritional point of view the flour is rich in β-carotene and total carotenoid content and safe for human consumption at least for 90 days of storage period. Result of this study suggest that increased consumption of OFSP incorporated products can contribute considerably in alleviating dietary deficiency of vitamin-A a major public health concern of developing countries.

Water, which is one of the crucial natural resources on the earth, is becoming scarce and there is an ever-increasing need to conserve the water resources. Efficient management of water requires accurate estimation of runoff from the watershed. There are numerous conventional methods available to estimate runoff depth and volume from a given watershed. Out of the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) technique is one of the effective methods for rainfall-runoff modeling. The runoff curve number (CN) is a pivotal factor in determining runoff in the SCS- CN-based hydrologic modeling method. The traditional method used for the calculation of composite curve numbers from the readily available tables and curves is very complex and highly time-consuming. In order to overcome this difficulty, the combination of Remote sensing-GIS and SCS-CN methods has been successfully employed to estimate composite curve numbers. In this study, GIS based modified SCS-CN method was applied to estimate runoff values for the Ambika and Purna Watersheds of The Dang district of Gujarat. Estimation of surface runoff potential of Dang district for 32 years period (1982 to 2013) indicated a runoff coefficient of 24.40% (446.88mm) for Purna watershed and 22.80% (419.35mm) for Ambika watershed representing the average annual rainfall of 1833 mm. Amount of runoff estimated from the study could be effectively used for planning and management of the watershed of the study area. Whereas developed runoff equations can also be effectively employed to estimate runoff volume using rainfall data from similar watersheds.

A field experiment was conducted during two consecutive kharif 2019 and 2020 on sandy loam soils of S.V. Agricultural College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. The field experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of four nitrogen management practices viz., control (N1), recommended dose of fertilizer (N2), green seeker directed N application (N3) and soil test based fertilizer application (N4) assigned to main plots and nine weed management practices viz., unweeded check (W1), hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS (W2), pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of topramezone 30 g ha-1 (W3), pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of tembotrione 120 g ha-1 (W4), application of parthenium water extract 15 l ha-1 twice at 15 and 30 DAS (W5), application of sunflower water extract 15 l ha-1 twice at 15 and 30 DAS (W6), pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of parthenium water extract 15 l ha-1 (W7), pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post emergence application of sunflower water extract 15 l ha-1 (W8) and brown manuring (W9) allotted to subplots. Growth parameters of maize, yield attributes, and yield were higher with green seeker-directed N application (N3). Control (N1¬) recorded significantly lower values during both the years of study and in the pooled mean. With regard to weed management practices, significantly higher values were produced with hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS (W2), which was however, in parity with pre-emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post-emergence application of topramezone 30 g ha-1 (W3) and pre emergence application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 fb post-emergence application of tembotrione 120 g ha-1 (W4). Lower values of growth parameters were recorded with an unweeded check (W1). Significant interaction between nitrogen and weed management practices was observed with dry matter production, cob length, kernel weight cob-1, kernel yield and stover yield. Higher and lower values were recorded with green seeker-directed N application along with hand weeding twice at 15 and 30 DAS (N3W2) and control coupled with an unweeded check (N1W1) respectively during both the years of study and in pooled mean.

Chitosan is a versatile biopolymer derived from chitin, a natural compound found in the exoskeletons of crustaceans such as shrimp and crabs, as well as in the cell walls of fungi. In agriculture, chitosan has gained attention for its diverse applications and positive effects on plant growth and protection. Therefore, this study was conducted during Kharif 2019, 2020, and 2021 to investigate the impact of varying concentrations of chitosan morpho-physiological parameters and yield of soybean. The pooled results of the experiment revealed that, among the ten concentrations of chitosan tested, foliar application of chitosan @ 60 ppm at 25 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) significantly enhanced all morpho-physiological parameters including plant height(52.53 cm), number of branches (4.53/plant), leaf area (32.14 dm2), dry matter(19.73 g), hundred seed weight (15.20 g), number of pods (36.67/plant), nitrogen content in leaves(6.0 %), chlorophyll content(1.94 mg/g), and soybean yield (24.24 q/ha).

The present experiment was carried out with the objective to find out the effect of different color sticky traps for control of thrips in onion. A field experiment was conducted at Regional Research Station, NHRDF Karnal, Haryana, India for two consecutive years during 2019-20 and 2020-21 in the rabi season on onion variety NHRDF Red. Result showed that over all highest number of thrips was stuck (11.53 thrips) on the sticky traps were recorded in treatment T4 (4 No. Yellow sticky traps). The overall average lowest thrips population (3.43thrips/plant) was recorded in treatment T10 (Standard check spray of insecticide Fipronil 1.0 ml/L). The highest gross yield (359.45q/ha) and marketable yield (348.25q/ha) were recorded in the T10 treatment. The B:C ratio (9.06:1) was also recorded in the same treatment however benefit-cost ratio was negative in all sticky traps due to their higher cost. The highest thrips population and lowest yield were recorded in the control treatment. Sticky traps more effective for early detection and monitoring of the thrips population in onion.

A field experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Gangavathi, UAS,
Raichur, Karnataka, India during rabi/summer(2020-21), kharif (2021) and rabi/summer(2021-
22) to study the effect of different innovative organic nutrient management practices on
productivity and profitability of transplanted rice. While rice thrives in organic systems,
challenges like nitrogen stress at critical growth stages, slow mineralization of organic manures,
variety limitations, and weed competition hinder optimal yields. Hence, this experiment was
designed to study the strategic use of integrating the slow releasing organic manures and fast
mineralising liquid organic manures, split applications and alternate sources of organic sources
of nutrients was tested in long term organic rice production system. The experiment was laid out
in a randomized complete block design with three replications and ten treatments. Among all the
treatments, the treatment receiving the combined application of organic manures (75% RDN)
and liquid organic manures (Beejamrutha, jeevamrutha, 10 % cowurine and 10
%vermiwash)resulted in on par yields with that of FYM (100 % RDN), FYM+VC (100 %
RDN). In addition, these treatments resulted in higher monetary returns than that of only organic
manure applied treatment because of lower cost incurred for inputs.

A range of herbicides was tested in the kharif season for three consecutive years (2015-2017) to
find out the best broad spectrum pre and post-emergence herbicide for maize cultivation in
Peninsular India. The result revealed that application of Atrazine (0.75 kg a.i./ha) + 2,4-D
Amine (0.4 kg a.i./ha) at 25 DAS as post-emergence (T9); Atrazine @ 1.5 kg a.i./ha as
preemergence followed by Tembotrione @ 120g a.i./ha as post-emergence at 25 DAS (T10);
and Atrazine (0.75 kg a.i./ha) + Pendimethalin (0.75 kg a.i./ha) as preemergence (T4)
effectively controlled the narrow and broad-leaved weeds throughout the cropping cycle. Post-
emergence application of Halosulfuron @ 90 g/ha at 25 DAS was found highly effective in
reducing sedge infestation in the maize crop. Unweeded plots registered 31.3 % yield penalty
over weed-free plots. While chemical weed management employing various herbicides
registered a 10-40% yield improvement over the weedy check. Among the various herbicides,
T9, T10, and T4 recorded at par maize grain and straw yields, growth, and yield parameters
with weed-free plots and showed the lowest yield penalty (weed index) caused by weeds over
weed-free plots. Based on the findings, it may be concluded that application of Atrazine (0.75
kg a.i/ha) + Pendimethalin (0.75 kg a.i/ha) (T4); Atrazine (0.75 kg a.i./ha) + 2,4-D Amine (0.4
kg a.i./ha) at 25days after sowing(DAS) as post-emergence (T5); Pendimethalin (1 kg a.i/ha) as
pre-emergence followed by Atrazine (0.75 kg a.i/ha) + 2,4-D Amine (0.4 kg a.i/ha) at 25 DAS
as post-emergence (T9) ; and Atrazine (1.5 kg a.i/ha1) as pre-emergence followed by
Tembotrione (120 g a.i/ha) at 25 DAS (T10) can be used to effectively reduce weed infestation
and to get higher grain yield and net returns of maize in Peninsular India.

Banana is cultivated predominately as a sole crop and also as an intercrop in coconut,
rubber and spices-based cropping systems. Fusarium wilt of banana a lethal fungal disease
causing heavy yield loss to the growers. On-farm testing (OFT) on Fusarium wilt management
in banana with were evaluated and found that Trichoderma viride NRCB 1 soil treatment at 25
g/plant followed by soil application during 2, 4, 6 th month after planting recorded the less
incidence of Fusarium wilt disease (3%) followed by Pseudomoans fluorescens soil treatment at
2 nd , 4 th and 6 th month after planting (5.8%) with higher yield of 450 quintal/ hectare (q/ha) in
technology option 2 followed by 441.41 q/ha in technology option 1 and lowest in Farmers
practice 389q/ha. Front-line demonstration (FLD) was conducted with soil application of
Trichoderma viride and Paecilomyces lilacinus 25g / plant. The results revealed that in
demonstration plots recorded the 26.72 percent reduction in yellowing symptoms and 18.52
percent reduction in corm infection by Fusarium wilt and 15.99 percent reduction in nematode
root necrosis index. Demo plots recorded a higher yield of 315.10 q/ha whereas farmers' practice
recorded yield of 292.70 q/ha respectively which is 7.65 percent increase in the yield over
Farmer's practice with benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.36 in the demo field and 2.13 in farmers
practice