The fall armyworm is an important polyphagous insect that causes widespread
damage to many crops, including maize, rice, and sorghum. It poses a major threat to food
security in several developing countries due to its rapid spread. Chemical insecticides are
used as the main management strategy to control fall armyworms in many parts of the world.
However, there have been reports of insecticide resistance developing. Hence, it requires
some green control methods to prevent and control fall armyworm populations. Fall
armyworm, like other insects, is associated with various microbiota in their different life
stages that influence their several characteristics and activities. It is found that the
manipulations of gut microbiota are considered as desirable options for fall armyworm
management. The Spodoptera frugiperda gut microbiota is generally different from
microorganisms in the external environment, including ingested food. It can promote insect
fitness by contributing to nutrition, especially by providing essential amino acids, vitamins,
etc. It also protects insect hosts against pathogens, parasitoids, and predators by synthesizing
specific toxins or modifying the insect immune system. However, so far, the function of gut
microbiota in Spodoptera frugiperda remains to be investigated. But, the research hindrance
has been overcome with the development of modern approaches such as high-throughput
sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and meta-genome analysis. Keeping all of the above into
consideration, this review paper was written to study the structure, evolution, composition,
gut microbiota diversity, and microbiome-host interactions, as well as some important
approaches to study microbiome-host interactions and the major roles of fall armyworm gut
microbiota.

Women are the backbone of agricultural workforce but worldwide her hard work has mostly been unpaid. She does the most tedious and back-breaking tasks in agriculture, animal husbandry and homes. Farmwomen’s participation was crucial in various operations such a sowing/transplanting (86%), weeding (84%), storage of grains (78%), land preparation (72%), cleaning seed for sowing (70%), gap filling (68%), manure and fertilizer application (68%), harvesting (64%), and threshing and winnowing (62%).During the peak season of sowing and harvesting rural women spend 8-9 hours in the field. Women’s contribution to the operations related to wheat and rice cultivation is significantly higher than that of men in terms of man days of work done. All of these activities contribute to anincrease in the physiological costs and physical loads to a great extent. It also causes unbalancing of the body with heavy workloads. Musculoskeletal disorders are common among farm workers especially lower and upper back disorders due to bending and squatting body posture in manual rice transplanting and uprooting activity. Considering the above facts and point of view, it was proposed to investigate changes in the physiological responses and perceived exertion due to heavy workloads and body postures in rice production system. to better understand how the manual rice production system activity perform, identify potential health risk factors, and gain insight into the health effects of the task.

Amla fruit (Emblica officinalis) commonly known as Indian gooseberry or Amla, is
perhaps the most important medicinal plant in the Indian traditional system of medicine, the
Ayurveda.Vitamin C, tannins and flavonoids present in amla have powerful antioxidant
activities. Due to rich Vitamin C content, amla is successfully used in the treatment of diabetes
mellitus. It is one of the oldest Indian fruits and considered as "wonder fruit for health". Amla
pulp of fresh fruit contains 200-900 mg/100 g of vitamin C. Ascorbic acid retention was found to
be decreased with increase in temperature. The fruit is highly perishable in nature and is
available for short period from October to January. The amla fruit possess excellent nutritive and
therapeutic value and to promote the use of amla among the public. Hence an attempt was made
to standardized sweet-based products viz. jam, squash and jelly with different treatments. The
prepared amla products were standardized based on sensory evaluation. The bio active
components and sensory evaluation of amla products were analysed during the storage period.
The shelflife studies of amla jam, squash and jelly were also done at room temperature and it has
more shelflife with high organoleptic scores.

Sheath blight (ShB) of rice, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph Thanatephorus cucumeris [Frank] Donk), is now one of a very serious diseases in rice-growing countries. We reviewed the occurrence and spread of this disease on the different hosts; however, a brief discussion was made only on rice. The taxonomy of R. solani, classification of the pathogen, and strategies for disease management are briefly described in their host. Presently sheath blight disease is controlled by synthetic chemicals, however, this may create a problem in environments. Resistance variety is best option for the control of this disease, though only little/moderate resistance has been reported in few wild cultivars and in cultivated rice genotypes namely Jasmine 85, Tatep, and Tequing etc. High level of resistance against ShB have been conveyed in the developed transgenic rice stains. Identification and molecular characterization of resistance QTLs in the promising lines of rice will be a grateful effort for the further transfer in the high yielding varieties of rice to achieve the ShB resistance in future. To successfully mitigate the impact of sheath blight on rice production, it is crucial that we understand the barriers and advancements in sheath blight pathogen, their broad host range and management strategies under field condition. The present review primarily concentrates on the effort to improve findings related to the important gene loci, their related markers and transgenic development in different rice cultivars.