Field experiment was conducted at Periyanarkunam during Navarai 2021. The main treatments comprised three direct seeded rice establishment methods viz., dry, drum and manual wet seeded rice. The sub treatments are nine weed management practices and are made up with combination of herbicides with hand weeding viz., application of bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 on 8 DAS (Days After Sowing) (PE), application of triafamone 20% + ethoxysulfuron 10% WG @ 200 g ha-1 on 12 DAS (EPoE), application of metsulfuron methyl 10% + chlorimuron ethyl 10% @ 20 g ha-1 on 25 DAS (PoE), twice hand weeding on 25 and 45 DAS and unweededcontrol. Among the main treatments drum seeded rice recorded the lowest weed population, dry matter production, the highest weed control efficiency and the highest grain yield which is on par with manual wet seeded rice. However, manual wet seeded rice led to higher cost of cultivation with lower benefit cost ratio. Hence, drum seeded rice is an economically feasible method of direct seeded rice establishment compared to others. Regarding the weed management practices evaluated application of bensulfuron methyl 0.6% + pretilachlor 6% GR @ 10 kg ha-1 on 8 DAS (PE) fb (followed by) application of metsulfuron methyl 10% + chlorimuron ethyl 10% @ 20 g ha-1 on 25 DAS (PoE) fb hand weeding on 45 DAS (S8) registered the similar trend. Hence, drum seeded rice coupled with S8 is an economically feasible method for effective control of weeds.

Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) exhibit formidable effectiveness that, under specific conditions, can offset the shortcomings of chemical insecticides within pest control programs. Among these EPFs, Metarhizium rileyi stands as one of the most extensively studied agents for global pest control. The study delves into the assessment of the relative virulence of M. rileyi water-dispersible granules (WDG) when deployed against distinct soil-pupating stages of lepidopteran and dipteran insects. M. rileyi WDG formulations were subjected to evaluation against various soil-pupating stages of insects, including lepidopteran and dipteran species. The results, based on dose-response relationships and LC50 values, revealed distinct levels of virulence exhibited by M. rileyi. Among the lepidopteran insects tested, M. rileyi demonstrated the highest level of virulence against H. armigera, followed by A. albistriga, A. flava, S. frugiperda, A. ipsilon, S. litura, S. obliqua, and A. janata. The LC50 values of these treatments, arranged in ascending order, were 2.01 x 107, 7.17 x 107, 1.13 x 108, 1.41 x 108, 1.54 x 108, 3.35 x 108, 3.62 x 108, and 1.00 x 109, respectively. In contrast, M. rileyi exhibited the least virulence against S. exigua, with an LC50 value of 1.35 x 109. Notably, the efficacy of M. rileyi WDG formulations was significantly lower when targeting dipteran pupae compared to lepidopteran pupae. For B. cucurbitae and B. dorsalis, the LC50 values were 7.26 x 109 and 1.29 x 1010, respectively. M. rileyi WDG demonstrated remarkable virulence when tested against the pupae of H. armigera, marking the highest level of efficacy observed. In contrast, these WDG exhibited limited efficacy when targeting dipteran pupae, such as those of B. dorsalis and B. Cucurbitae.

A field experiment was conducted to studyaimed to investigate the impact of different organic nutrient sources on rice var. GNR-7 at the Organic Farm, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, during theKharif season of 2021. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with a Factorial concept, consisting of two levels viz., soil application and foliar application. Total of 12treatments i.e.S1, 100% RDN through NADEP compost, S2, 80% RDN through NADEP compostalong with Azospirillium and PSB @ 2 l/ha each, S3, 60% RDN through NADEP compost along with Azospirillium and PSB @ 2 l/ha each and S4, Ghan-jivamrut @ 500 kg/ha + Jivamrut @ 500 l/ha, and that of foliar application was, F0, control, F1, Novel Organic liquid nutrient @ 1% and F2, Moringa leaf extract @ 3%. The application of foliar spray was done thrice at 15, 30 and 45 days after sowingwas replicated thrice.The result revealed that the mean data of nutrient content in rice grain and straw did not significantly change due to soil and foliar application of different organic nutrient sources.The total NPK uptake was recorded as significantly the highest with the S1 treatment, and was statistically similar to the treatment S2.The foliar application of treatment F2 recorded significantly the highest total NPK uptake by crop, but was statistically similar to treatment F1.
So, it can be concluded thatproviding 100 percent RDN through NADEP compost in the soil andalong with the application of 3 percent Moringa leaf extract or 1 percent Novel organic liquid nutrients on days 15, 30, and 45 post-planting on leaves, resulted in significantly higher grain yield, and total nutrient uptake of N, P, and K compared to treatments involving Ghan-jivamrut @ 500 kg/ha + Jivamrut @ 500 l/ha on soil, and the control.

Land suitability analysis is an important aspect of the agricultural land use planning, and the several approaches viz. remote sensing, geographical information system and multi-criteria decision making were used to analyze the suitable lands for cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, and other crops using over layed digital thematic maps of the climatic condition, topography and soil physic-chemical properties and land use pattern for particular area of interest.
Hence, with these facts, the present study was carried out to analyze the suitable lands for green gram cultivation in Thakurganj block of Kishanganj district, Bihar, and to fulfill the objective, parameters viz. elevation, slope, temperature, rainfall, soil texture, soil pH, EC, OC, and land use pattern were analyzed and mapped under RS-GIS domain. However, satellite data of Land sat 8 and the shuttle radar topographic mission (SRTM) were used to map the land use pattern, elevation, and slope. Apart from these data sets, thematic data of annual rainfall and temperature were also analysed and integrated with derived data of analyzed soil pH, EC, organic carbon, and soil texture for their conversion into inverse distance weight (IDW) based mapping process in open source QGIS software. Finally, all these thematic layers were overlaid considering the statistical evaluation of multi-criteria discision making approach to prepare the potential land suitability map for green gram. The results revealed that the pH range of the soils in the study area ranged from 4.42 to 6.67, indicating that they were acidic in nature. However, EC of the soil was found to be non-saline, organic carbon was found to be low to medium and the majority of the area was found to have a loamy soil texture. In terms of elevation and slope, the study area lies between 45–92 m above the mean sea level, and the slope range was observed as 0-3% (gentle or flat). The results revealed that out of the total geographical area only 3537 ha (9.12 %) was found to be highly suitable, followed by 15621 ha (40.28%) moderately suitable, 17584 ha (45.34%) marginally suitable and the remaining 2040 ha(5.26%) was not suitable (NS) for green gram cultivation.

One of the most serious issues is biotic stress in plants produced by insect pests, which results
in production losses. Synthetic pesticides continue to play an important role in crop
protection. Yet, the environmental consequences and health risks caused by excessive or
improper use of synthetic pesticides compelled authorities to ban some dangerous ones. As a
result, there is an urgent need for unique and alternative insect pest management strategies.
Allelopathy is a naturally occurring ecological phenomenon of organism interaction that can
be used to manage weeds, insect pests, and illnesses in field crops. Allelopathy can be
utilized in field crops after rotation, using cover crops, mulching, crop smothering, and plant
extracts for natural pest management. Allelochemicals in soil are adsorbed on soil solids and
decomposed during soil movement by chemical and biological reactions. Its behavior is
influenced by soil characteristics such as soil texture, organic and inorganic matter, moisture,
and organisms, all of which have an impact on phytotoxic activity in soil. Although
allelochemicals are produced throughout the plant, root exudation is the principal source of
chemical release into the soil environment. Therefore, this review will focus on the role of
insect-pest management, factors affecting production and release of allelochemicals, their
activity and limitations in insect-pest management.

Goat farming has a lot of potential and plays a big part in providing food and nutrition
security in rural regions. After understanding the important role that young may play, the
government has decided to launch a programme to recruit and retain them in agriculture and
related fields. Goat farming has a lot of potential and plays a big part in providing food and
nutrition security in rural regions. After understanding the important role that young may
play, the government has decided to launch a programme to recruit and retain them in
agriculture and related fields. For present study all 120 trained youth in goat farming were
selected, trained youth were selected purposively who have obtained training on goat farming
under ARYA project and 20 trainers were selected for suggestions for better run his program
of the study area. Thus, a total of 140 respondents were included in the study. It was revealed
that the majority of 53.33 percent of trained youth fall into the medium level of adoption
group, while 18.33 percent fall into the low level of adoption category for improved goat
farming practices. On the other hand, it was shown that 28.34% of trained youths had a high
level of adoption of improved goat farming practices.

Seeds are a vital input for good production and productivity. Poorly performing seed can be
devastating for livelihood of farmers. Trust or quality assurance is a vital element in the
functioning and resilience of any seed system. A seed system encompasses the processes and
mechanisms through which farmers obtain seeds. Recently importance of seed system
received significant attention. An effective seed system gives all farmers access to quality
seed, reliable information, and up-to-date knowledge of improved varieties and seed
practices.These systems are crucial for ensuring the availability of high-quality seeds, which
are essential for food security and agricultural productivity.The agricultural seed system in
Bihar encompasses a combination of traditional practices i.e. informal seed system and
modern interventions i.e. formal seed system.Seed security can be sustained when the formal
and informal seed system can complement each other particularly in Bihar where, access of
quality seed to resource poor farmers is limited. Seed market in Bihar is robust and diverse, it
faces challenges related to yield, adoption of new seed varieties, and efficient water use.
Adoption of improved seed varieties is slow, which affects overall productivity. Efforts are
being made to introduce better quality seeds to increase yields and profitability. Addressing
these issues can significantly enhance productivity and profitability for the state's farmers.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is any strain of S. aureus that has developed multiple drug
resistance to antibiotics. MRSA could be a highly pathogenic strain of bacteria causing thousands of deaths in
humans. Detection of MRSA in foodstuffs of animal origin has been widely reported and has raised public health
concerns about the transmission of MRSA from foodstuffs of animal origin to humans. There are many reports
of MRSA infections originating from dairy cow's milk, milk products, and livestock along with MRSA
transmission between farmers working in livestock farms including people working within the dairy industry.
Significant differences in the spread of cases of MRSA infection originating from milk and milk
products are reported among various countries around the world. This difference could also be caused by
different livestock production management systems in numerous countries within the world. Animal products
contaminated with MRSA are going to be a possible transmission of MRSA to humans causing serious health
problems leading to tremendous public health concerns. The milking process administered by farmers and
the processing of milk for milk products are often risk factors for the transmission of MRSA to humans.
Contamination of MRSA in milk and milk products and other animal products could be a major reason for the
malady. Several antibiotics of choice are often employed in treating patients who experience poisoning with milk
and milk products like fluoroquinolone, tetracyclines, lincosamide, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.
Adherence to good hygiene practices during milking, processing, and handling of dairy cattle can significantly
minimize MRSA contamination of milk and dairy products. The objective of this review is to summarize the risk
factors for the occurrence and spread of MRSA in dairy herds and to identify the respective knowledge gaps.
This review focuses on common causes of MRSA infection and used antibiotics combined with herbal extracts
against MRSA and the corresponding mechanisms. Through systematic analysis, we found that herbal extracts
combined with antibiotics, such as β-lactams, quinolones, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and glycopeptides,
could greatly enhance the antibacterial effects of the antibiotics, reduce the dosage and toxic side effects, and
reverse MRSA resistance. Therefore, it can be concluded that herbal extracts combined with antibiotics may be a
promising strategy to combat MRSA. This review provides a novel idea for overcoming antibiotic resistance.

Double haploid (DH) technology is an efficient approach for the development of 100%
homozygous inbred lines in just two generations, it increases the breeding efficiency and genetic gain
in maize crop. It is an emerging technique in developing countries such as India, whereas, it has
become an integral part of many commercial maize breeding programs in developed countries such as
Mexico. This technique offers economic, logistics and genetic benefits over the traditional method of
inbred line development. This review comprehensively explains the pathway for invivo induction of
maternal haploids with brief introduction about other methods of haploid induction being used in
maize breeding, factors affecting, challenges and future perspectives for DH technology. Furthermore,
it discusses the integration of DH technology with modern breeding tools like genomic selection and
CRISPER/Cas9 enhancing the precision and accelerating the development of superior maize cultivars.
Automation holds great promise to further reduce the cost and time in haploid identification.
Increasing success rates in chromosome doubling protocols and/or reducing environmental and human
toxicity of chromosome doubling protocols, research on genetic improvement in spontaneous
chromosome doubling, have the potential to greatly reduce the production costs per DH line.

India, known as the world's largest producer of fresh peppers and chillies, exhibits significant
regional variations in the morpho-physiochemical characteristics of its chilli fruits. In this
study, we conducted gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to
compare the phytochemical constituents in four distinct Capsicum annuum L. varieties viz.
Byadgi chilli, Mundu chilli, Bullet chilli, and Jwala chilli, were collected from four different
agroecological regions across India. Our GC-MS analysis revealed consistent peaks
corresponding to various capsaicinoids and non-capsaicinoid compounds in the ethanolic
extracts of all four varieties of C. annuum, albeit with varying proportions. These compounds
include capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, n-hexadecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid ethyl ester, and
Z, Z-9,12-octadecadienoic acid. Additionally, unique spectrum profiles of several specific
compounds were detected, distinguishing particular varieties from each other. This highlights
how agroecological conditions dynamically influence the nature of active compounds.