Abstract
Telfairia occidentalis, commonly known as fluted pumpkin, is a highly nutritious and economically important vegetable widely cultivated in West Africa, especially Nigeria. Its leaves and seeds provide substantial dietary protein, vitamins, and minerals, making it vital for food and nutritional security in the region. As demand for this crop continues to grow due to population increases and urbanization, there is an urgent need to enhance its productivity through improved soil fertility management. This review explores current research on the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth, yield, and quality of T. occidentalis, drawing on findings from recent field trials and empirical studies. Inorganic fertilizers such as urea and NPK are recognized for their ability to provide immediate nutrient availability, resulting in rapid vegetative growth and increased yields. However, their prolonged use raises concerns about adverse environmental impacts, such as soil acidification, nutrient leaching, and declines in soil organic matter and microbial populations. Conversely, organic fertilizers including poultry manure, compost, and biochar, demonstrate positive effects not only on plant performance but also on soil health by enhancing structure, increasing microbial activity, and ensuring a more gradual nutrient release. The integration of organic and inorganic fertilizers, known as integrated nutrient management (INM), has gained attention as an effective strategy for optimizing both crop output and long-term soil fertility. Evidence from multiple studies indicates that such integration can synergistically improve yield, nutrient uptake, and soil quality, thus supporting sustainable T. occidentalis cultivation. This review emphasizes the necessity for context-specific fertilizer practices that account for local soil properties, resource accessibility, and environmental sustainability. By understanding the differential impacts of various fertilizer regimes, stakeholders can make informed decisions to enhance T. occidentalis production, thereby contributing to regional food security. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research and policy to promote the adoption of integrated nutrient management in T. occidentalis farming systems.