Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) an important forage and pasture crop poses a threat to biodiversity and conservation as it is found to invade and persist in different soil, land types, agroclimatic conditions, soil moisture availability, etc. Though this crop is economically important in the livestock sector, the extreme tolerance for stress, competitive ability, resistance to chemicals, ratooning ability, robustness, morphological adaptation, ecotypes, reproductive nature, etc has led this crop as a pantropical crop. Due to its strong invasiveness and persistence, the economic and ecological impact it causes in the agricultural sector is serious. As the invasiveness and persistence of the guinea grass population have been observed throughout the year at the livestock farm complex, TANUVAS, this paper has been reviewed to understand the strategies that guinea grass possesses for its invasion, adaptation, and persistence.

Spodoptera litura has been causing considerable damage to groundnut and other crops across India. Anticipation of pest incidence using a prediction module under changing climate is need of the hour. The Spodoptera litura male moth caught by sex pheromone trap from 1991-20 (30 years) during kharif season is considered for the study. The 30 years of data clearly indicated that moths
trapped were concentrated in 34 th and 35 th SMW, which falls during the second fortnight of August and the first week of September. There was steep decline in the number of moths trapped from 2015 onwards indicating a consistent decrease in Spodoptera incidence during kharif at Dharwad despite of normal rainfall and other weather factors. The multiple regression model fitted had multicollinearity of independent variables. Stepwise regression, Morning RH was found to be the major deciding factor of Spodoptera population. Finally, simple linear regression model was fitted and the predicted trap catch data was validated with actuals for four consecutive kharif seasons starting from 2017. However, the predicted was found to be far higher than actual number of moths trapped during respective years. The presentanalysis clearly indicated need for a better understanding the influence
of biotic and abiotic factors on Spodoptera under field conditions.

The present investigation to know farmer’s perception on changing climate effect on
agriculture and livestock, adaptions measures adopted by farmers to climate change in Koppala
district of Karnataka state. The study examines the socio-demographic characteristics, farmers'
perceptions, and climate change adaptation strategies in Koppala district, Karnataka, India. The
district spans 5570 sq. km, with 594 inhabited villages and a population of 13,89,920 as per the
2011 census. The of respondents were male (98.51%), with most falling in the various age
brackets of 35-54 years (50.37%) and above 54 years (41.48%). Illiteracy was prevalent, with
54.28% having no formal education. Farmers reported a decline in rainfall (90.37%) and
increased temperatures (93.33%), leading to drought conditions every 3-4 years. The study
highlights farmers' awareness of climate change (95.55%) and its impacts on agriculture,
including water scarcity (81.48%), Decreased crop yields as a result of pest and disease
infestations (87.40%), and changes in planting seasons. Factors influencing adaptation include
lack of knowledge (77.77%), credit accessibility (81.48%), and water scarcity (77.77%). Most
farmers employ crop rotation (87.40%) and improved seeds (77.77%) as adaptation strategies,
while only 17.03 percent utilize farm ponds for irrigation. Kriging analysis indicated that
exponential models were suitable and most effective in forecasting climate events including air
temperature, as well as maximum and minimum temperatures, along with relative humidity. The
findings underscore the need for tailored climate change adaptation policies, focusing on
education, access to credit, and sustainable agricultural practices to mitigate the consequences of
changing climate on livelihoods in Koppala district. Additionally, the study emphasizes the
significance of continuous monitoring and predictive modeling to inform effective decision-
making and resource allocation for climate resilience in agrarian communities.

Assessment of field performance of paddy transplanter for two-row to plant spacing’s S 1
and S 2 was observed with the economic worth from the viewpoint of custom hiring operator or
the progressive farmer. Actual field capacity and field efficiency were maximum and fuel
consumption was minimum for S 1 . The crop yield and average number of plants/m 2 were higher
in the case of S 1 . The total cost of mechanical transplanting was Rs. 6798.66 per ha and the
break-even point was 7.68 ha/yr. which was less than the actual use of the machine per year with
the optimal payback period of 6.85 years whereas, from a custom hiring service provider
viewpoint, the payback period is 1.17. The benefit-cost ratio was 1.84, which is greater than
unity indicating a profitable venture. The mechanical transplanting of paddy at S 1 was better than
transplanting at S 2 . The study showed that the use of mechanical paddy transplanting technology
is a profitable and acceptable venture from both customer hiring service provider as well as from
the customer farmer viewpoint with the additional benefit of saving in labor and time.

Cotton, an essential fibrous cash crop, holds significant economic importance globally,
especially in India, where it occupies a substantial area of cultivation. Among the four cultivated
species, Gossypium arboreum is particularly valued for its resilience, drought tolerance, and
resistance to insect pests, making it crucial for low-cost cultivation in marginal conditions. A
major challenge in cotton breeding programme is the complexity of GEI, which makes
identifying stable, high-yielding genotypes difficult. Therefore, this study investigates genotype-
environment interactions (GEI) for yield-related traits in 30 diverse G. arboreum genotypes
under two different two locations over two growing seasons. Statistical analysis indicated
significant differences among genotypes for various yield-associated traits. High heritability and
genetic advance as % mean were observed for seed cotton yield (84.30%, 27.94%), lint yield
(82.70%, 27.40%), and bolls per plant (86.40%, 26.41%), indicating strong potential for effective
selection. Stability analysis revealed trait-specific and genotype-specific adaptability. For lint
yield, regression coefficient ranged from -16.28 to 21.19, with genotype HD 537 showing
suitability to favorable environments, while HD 509 demonstrated adaptation to unfavorable
conditions. For seed cotton yield, HD 509 exhibited above-average performance with unit
regression, indicating broad adaptability, while genotypes HD 514, HD 536, and HD 544 showed
high mean values and adaptation to unfavorable environments. These findings highlight the
importance of selecting genotypes based on environmental adaptability to enhance yield in G.
arboreum.

This study investigates the impact of plant spacing on the growth and yield of different
French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties, addressing the need to understand the
behavior of new genotypes under varying spacing conditions. Conducted during the rabi
season of 2022-2023 at the Experimental Farm, Agronomy Section, College of Agricultural
Biotechnology, Latur, the research aimed to find an optimal balance between vegetative and
reproductive growth to enhance yield. The experimental design was a Factorial Randomized
Block Design, examining nine treatments across two factors: spacing and variety. Among the
varieties tested, Phule Rajma (V 1 ) showed superior growth and yield, followed by Arka Komal
(V 3 ). A spacing of 45 cm × 30 cm was found to be most effective with Phule Rajma (V 1 )
achieving significantly highest seed yield (1905 kg ha -1 ), gross monetary returns (₹. 1,23,839
ha -1 ), net monetary returns (₹. 69,993 ha -1 ) and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.30. Furthermore,
wider spacing resulted in even greater seed yield (2148 kg ha -1 ), gross returns (₹. 1,38,263 ha –
1 ), net returns (₹. 84,167 ha -1 ) and a benefit-cost ratio of 2.56, compared to closer spacing.
The genotype performance varies with location, season and management practices. The
major constraint in the popularity of French bean in Maharashtra and Marathwada region is
the lack of production technology for the cultivation of French bean. These findings highlight
the significance of selecting appropriate spacing for optimizing French bean cultivation.

Stemphylium blight and thrips are the common problem in onion that affects
the yield reduction in the Maharashtra region of India. So, the field trials were
conducted on onion variety Agrifound Light Red during rabi 2017-18, 2018-19,
and 2019-20 at Regional Research Station, NHRDF, Nashik, Maharashtra, for
management of foliar diseases and thrips in onion seed crop through an integrated
approach. The combined data of last three years trial revealed that soil application
of Trichoderma viride + Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 5.0 kg/ha each at the time of
bulb planting followed by combined and sequential spray of Fipronil @
1ml/L+Chlorothalonil @ 2g/L at 45 days after planting, Carbosulphan
2ml/L+Propineb @2g/L at 60 DAP, Profenofos @ 1 ml/L+Mancozeb @ 2.5g/L at
75 DAP and Cypermethrin 1 ml/L+Carbendazim @ 1g/L at 90 DAP performed
superior for integrated management in onion seed crop with lowest stemphylium
blight intensity (7.29%), thrips population (31.11 nymphs/plant) and highest seed
yield (8.81 q/ha).

In recent years, an increasing number of Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) populations have
been observed in the Nagarkurnool, Jayashankar Bhupalpally, Sangareddy, Mulugu,
Jogulamba Gadwal, Narayanpet, Wanaparthy, Nizamabad, Mahbubnagar, and Nalgonda
districts of Telangana, particularly in farmers' fields. These animals have been causing
significant damage to agricultural and horticultural crops at various stages, likely due to the
depletion of natural habitats, food scarcity, and the unavailability of preferred dietary items.
Furthermore, complaints from farmers in surrounding districts, especially those adjacent to
the aforementioned areas and nearby villages, have exacerbated the issue, leading to severe
man-animal conflict. This study, conducted between June 2020 and March 2021, examined
the mean herd size, demographic classes, sex ratio, percent occurrence, and habitat utilization
of Blackbucks across seven districts of Telangana State. The findings revealed an average
herd size of 8.4 animals, with herd sizes ranging from 6 to 12. Most herd size classes fell
within the ranges of 2-7, 8-13, and 14-19, while fewer were observed in the 20-25 and more
than 26 categories. The sex ratio ranged from 1:1.7 to 1:1.29, with females comprising the
majority of herds. Various social groups were identified, with bachelor groups being the most
prevalent, followed by pseudoharem, territorial males, females, and mixed herds. Habitat
utilization analysis indicated a preference for open fields, followed by crop fields, thorny
scrub, and rocky outcrops. These findings offer valuable insights into Blackbuck behavior
and their interaction with agricultural activities in Telangana, facilitating better management
strategies to mitigate human-wildlife conflict.

The nature of gene action in the inheritance of seed yield and its contributing traits in
three crosses of mustard (Kranti x PC-6, ACN-9 x PC-6, and TAM 108-1 x PC-6) was studied
using generation mean analysis. Six generations (P 1 , P 2 , F 1 , F 2 , BC 1 , BC 2 ) in each cross were
evaluated in a Randomized block design with three replications during 2022-23 Rabi season.
For crop improvement it is necessary to know the gene action governing various yield
contributing traits so appropriate breeding methods can be decided. Analysis of variance for
six generations revealed significant differences among the generations within cross for all
evaluated traits. Six parameter model (m, d, h, i, j, l) and scaling tests revealed the presence
of inter-allelic interactions (epistasis) for most of the yield and its contributing traits. Results
showed that both additive and non-additive types of gene action were significant in governing
the inheritance of the yield and it’s contributing traits. Hence on the basis of gene action
studied in case of duplicate epistasis, it is suggested that selection should be delayed until the
fixation of alleles. And in case of complementary epistasis, traits can be exploited through
heterosis breeding or biparental mating.

Field experiment was conducted at AINP on VPM, PJTSAU, Hyderabad during Rabi 2023-
24 to evaluate the eco-friendly bird management methods on pearl millet. Five treatments
were replicated four times in RBD with MPMH 21hybrid sown at a spacing of 45x15cm in
plot size 5x5m. Treatments were imposed at the milky grain stage. Neem oil@25ml/l,
Deepam oil@25ml/l Salt@25g/l, Ginger+garlic@30ml/l and were tested along with one
untreated control. Among these, Salt proved to be the best as per cent bird damage recorded
was 27.5 followed by Deepam oil spray(37.5) as against 67.5 % in control. The
highest yield of 1790kg/ha was recorded in the best treatment. Highest number of birds
visiting the crop at the ripening stage were Spotted munias(25%) followed by house sparrows
and Baya weaver birds to the extent of 19 to 20 per cent.The diversity index shows
that the bird diversity was moderate