Twenty three years old five mango cultivars viz. Amarapali, Mallika, Himsagar, Fazli
and Langra were rejuvenated (severe pruning) 150 cm from the ground level. Total phenol
content, peroxidase, poly phenol oxidase, total carbohydrates and total free amino acids as well
as total chlorophyll content were measured in 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 seasons in shoot buds
with few leaves. The aforesaid parameters were measured before rejuvenation as well as four
months after regrowth of pruned plants of different mango cultivars. Total phenol content was
recorded higher (35.19 mg/g) in Langra and minimum amount of total phenols (35.50 mg/g)
was recorded in Mallika before rejuvenation of plants. Chlorophyll content was decreased after
rejuvenation of plants of all five cultivars, cv. Himsagar (1.08 mg/g) recorded higher
chlorophyll content before rejuvenated plants. The total carbohydrate was not significantly
varied before and after the rejuvenation practice and it was highest with cv. Himsagar before
(0.80%) and after (0.74%) the rejuvenation. Maximum amount of total amino acid was recorded
with cv. Amrapali (1.31%) before the rejuvenation and after pruning it was recorded higher on
cv. Himsagar (2.0 %). Negligible difference recorded for peroxidase activity, maximum amount
of peroxidase activity (0.37min/g) was recorded in cv. Himsagar before and after the
rejuvenation and minimum (0.30 min/g) quantity observed in before and after rejuvenation
plants of Mallika. The changes in PPO activity due to rejuvenation, the maximum activity of
catechol oxidase (0.72) and laccase (0.62) were recorded in Langra.

Background: Root-knot nematode, M. incognita is a sedentary endoparasite affecting the
root system of plant. Infection of nematode cause immense loss of quality of crop and yield
by restricting the free flow of nutrients. In this context studies were conducted at Department
of Nematology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar.
Methods: The present investigation carried out during the kharif season of 2020-2022 to
screen and evaluate against M. incognita along with assessment of yield loss in field
condition using the paired plot technique.
Results: Out of 20 screened varieties, 14 were resistant, IPA-15-1 was moderately resistant,
three were susceptible, and variety IPA-79 and CO-6 were highly susceptible. The highest
shoot length and fresh weight were found in variety kathi kandula local with 87.1 cm and
24.39 g respectively, while decline in shoot length and fresh weight was greater in variety
CO-6 with 72.0 cm and 15.75 g, respectively. Variety IPA-14-7 showed a decrease in root
length measuring 28.22 cm. Under carbofuran treated condition, yield was significantly
increased 46.89% and avoidable yield loss was 30.98%. Hence identified resistant varieties
will serve as resistant gene donors for developing resistant cultivars of pigeon pea to increase
the yield of the crop.

Chilli holds significant importance among the various vegetables cultivated in temperate
regions, particularly in the Kashmir Valley. Climate change has notably increased the
frequency and severity of wilt disease in chilli, leading to crop losses ranging from 45 to 60
percent in the Kashmir Valley alone [1],[2] by altering pathogen dynamics. Rising
temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, elevated CO2 levels, and extreme weather events all
contribute to the evolving landscape of wilt diseases. Tackling these challenges requires a
comprehensive approach, including the development of resistant crop varieties, effective
disease management strategies, and staying updated on the latest research and technological
advancements. By adopting proactive measures, it is possible to reduce the impact of climate
change on wilt diseases and ensure the continued productivity and sustainability of
agriculture in temperate regions. In this context, the current study focuses on the
identification, isolation, and utilization of wilt-resistant lines/hybrids. The experimental
material consisted of eighty genotypes including sixty-six crosses, twelve parents and two
checks. The experimental material was subjected to screening under both field and in vitro
conditions against wilt disease. The results revealed that twelve chilli genotypes showed
highly resistant reaction against wilt disease and twenty-six genotypes showed resistant
reaction. The rest of the genotypes were moderately resistant, susceptible or highly
susceptible. Thus the genotypes showing highly resistant/ resistant reaction to this devastating
disease can be further evaluated and released among farmers, so that farmers can use these
genotypes and prevent their crop losses posed by climate change.

The study investigated the impact of two organophosphate insecticides, monocrotophos, and profenofos,
on microorganisms and enzymatic activities of soil. This was conducted in a laboratory using alluvial
soil from Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, the experiment applied these insecticides at
recommended rates (750 g and 1000 g a.i. ha -1 ) both individually and in combination over 60 days. Soil
samples were collected from each pot after 0 (after 1 h), 20, 40, and 60 days of incubation from these
treatments-T1:Control (No insecticide applied),T2: Monocrotophos (36% EC) applied @ 750 g a.i. ha -1 ,
T3: Profenofos (50% EC) applied @ 1000 g a.i. ha -1 , T4: Monocrotophos (36% EC) and profenofos
(50% EC) applied @ 375 and 500 g a.i. ha -1 , respectively.
Monocrotophos (11%) generally stimulated bacterial growth more than profenofos (7.3 %), with a
significant increase in bacterial populations observed initially, though numbers declined by the study's
end. Actinomycetes responded notably to the T4 (45.4 %), while fungal populations were highest in T2
(23.3%) followed by T4 (3.9 %) and T4 (0.6 %). Regarding enzyme activities, phosphatase and
dehydrogenase activities were enhanced in treatment T4 showing the greatest effect. Urease activity
peaked with monocrotophos at 40 days. The results indicate that the effects of organophosphate
insecticides on soil microbial communities and enzymatic activities are complex and vary over time,
with combined applications often having more pronounced effects. This research highlights the need for
careful consideration of insecticide impacts on soil health in pest management strategies.
This study faced several challenges in terms of environmental contron, microbial variability, and
pesticide residue effects. It made significant contributions to our understanding of the coplex intractions
between pesticides and soil microbial communities. These insights are essential for minimizing harm to
soil health.

Nutritional security is the primary subject of study for developing nations after food
security. By biofortifying grains and vegetables, agricultural scientists are able to alter the
physiology of crops and fight "hidden hunger," which affects the majority of people in
underdeveloped nations. Plant breeders, molecular scientists, and genetic engineers have a lot of
opportunities to increase the micronutrient density and vitamin content of vegetables and staple
food crops for underdeveloped nations. Vegetables have a sufficient genetic variability, but there
are still a few characteristics that need to be looked at. Both traditional breeding and genetic
engineering call for the introduction of certain features when used to boost micronutrient and
vitamin content. Recent genetic discoveries have made it feasible to increase micronutrients by
decreasing anti-nutrients like phytic acid or tannins. Vegetables may be biofortified using
genome editing techniques like ZFN, TALENS, CRISPR-Cas9, etc. that have the ability to alter
plant genes or knock down undesired characteristics. Many methods for achieving desired
genetic change without the regulatory difficulties associated with transgenic technology are now
possible due to recent advances in genome editing. The goal of current research is now to
encourage a healthy lifestyle via the use of dietary supplements and a diet rich in fruits and
vegetables.

An extensive field pioneering was undertaken to examine the precise impedance of wheat
crops during the Rabi seasons spanning 2020-21 and 2021-22, specifically within the
Prayagraj District of Uttar Pradesh. The central objective of this experimentation was to
evaluate the implications of employing a Soil Test Crop Response (STCR) strategy for
fertilizer application and its pursuant impression on growth and yield within the context of
Inceptisol soil order, with a focused emphasis on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) ploughing
plowing within the Prayagraj region. The STCR methodology was adopted as a foundational
framework to make out the optimum dose of fertilizers required to facilitate the most
compatiblerise of the wheat crop. The protectorate of soil -plant relationship system from
economic absorption perceptional of soil health footing. Sandy loam in soil texture, belongs
to soil order Inceptisol and neutral to saline in soil reaction. The experiment was carried out
in Randomized Block Design (RBD) and replicated thrice with 9 treatments. The growth
attribute like plant height, number of tillers per plant, number of green leaves per plant and
plant dry weight was observed significant at 120DAS on a pooled basis(Years 2020-21 and
2021-22). The best treatment combination was (T 9 ) STB (150:15:150 NPK kg ha -1 ) +FYM 15
t ha -1 , which displayed grain yield of 6.49,6.52 and 6.50 t ha -1 on a pooled basis respectively.
It is concluded that the reposeful use of NPK fertilizers with FYM FYM-based organic
fertilizer on STCR viewpoint not only gave best wheat yield but also elevated soil quality and
environment friendly.

Blackbuck (Antilope cervicapra) is a predominantly graminivorous species,
consuming forbs, shrubs, and agricultural crops i.e., feeding mainly on fresh grass blades and
tender parts of crops depending on seasonal availability. This study evaluates the dietary
patterns of Blackbuck in Mahbubnagar, Telangana, India, highlighting the impact of seasonal
variations, habitat preferences, and competition with livestock. Observations were conducted
fortnightly from 2019 to 2022 using a modified bite count method, with plant species
identification confirmed through field surveys. Results suggest that Blackbuck adapt their
feeding habits to optimize nutrient intake, with notable dietary overlap with livestock.
Blackbuck consumed 32 plant species, including 14 graminoids, 12 forbs, and 6 browse
species. During summer in Mahbubnagar, they additionally feed on legumes of the exotic
Prosopis juliflora, berries of Ziziphus species. Conservation and habitat management
strategies should account for these interactions to maintain ecological balance and minimize
human-wildlife conflict.

Beekeeping serves as a vital supplementary livelihood for farmers, contributing to both
economic gains and agricultural sustainability. This study examines the adoption of beekeeping
practices among farmers in Haryana, identifying the factors influencing their engagement and
challenges faced in the process. Data were collected through structured interviews with farmers
across selected districts, focusing on variables. The findings revealed that majority of farmers
(56.67%) prefer alternative occupations over beekeeping, citing limited family support
(23.33%), socio-cultural constraints (13.33%) and lack of land and resources (58.66%) as key
barriers. Additionally, financial challenges, including insufficient funds (65.33%) and lack of
loan facilities (42.00%), hinder adoption. The majority of farmers (94.67%) cited low initial
investment as a major motivator, followed by low labour requirements (92.66%) and minimal
technical demands (89.33%). The study emphasizes the need for enhanced policy support,
capacity-building initiatives and improved market connectivity to boost the adoption and
sustainability of beekeeping. In this regard, the main challenges are securing comprehensive and
reliable data on beekeeping practices and adoption rates among farmers in Haryana. These
insights aim to guide stakeholders in promoting beekeeping as a viable and sustainable
livelihood option in Haryana.

The global silk industry, with a rich historical legacy, continues to evolve amidst changing
dynamics. This study examines the international sericulture trade, focusing on major producers
like China, India, and Italy. It analyzes production trends, export-import scenarios, trade
dynamics, and the role of tariffs. China emerges as the dominant player, while India exhibits
potential for silk waste, fabrics, and garments. The study identifies challenges, including
fluctuating demand, pests, and quality control issues, and highlights future prospects driven by
sustainability, technological advancements, and luxury market growth. The review underscores
silk's versatility and emphasizes the need for innovation, adaptation, and sustainable practices to
ensure the industry's continued prosperity.

The synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles with the use of plant extracts is a promising
alternative to the conventional chemical method. This study aims to synthesize green zinc oxide
nanoparticles with zinc acetate dihydrate precursor using Citrus reticulata peel powder. The
synthesized nanoparticles were characterized for different analytic techniques. The maximum
UV-Vis absorption peak was observed at 357 nm wavelengths which is specific for zinc oxide
nanoparticles with a greater particle size of 36 nm. The FT-IR result shows a strongest
absorption bands at 651 cm -1 , which resulted from a covalent bond between zinc metal and
oxygen atoms (Zn-O). According to SEM analysis, the morphology of the biosynthesized ZnO
NPs were predominantly spherical in shape. Furthermore, the purity of the ZnO NPs was also
confirmed by EDS analysis. The crystallinity of the biosynthesized ZnO NPs was confirmed by
XRD analysis, revealing sharp and narrow diffraction peaks, confirming the hexagonal wurtzite
structure of the ZnO NPs.