In the last decade, the increasing of global warming has bad impact on crop plants. Climate
change is a major threat for plants in several locations including tropical and subtropical areas.
Global warming has negative effects on plants including drought resistance. Drought
stress is a global challenge that significantly impacts crop productivity. It adversely affects plants at
morphological, physiological, and molecular levels. However, plants can adapt to drought stress through
mechanisms that can be modified using breeding techniques, such as drought avoidance, drought
tolerance, drought escape, and hardening. Wheat plants, for instance, can survive under drought stress
by altering their internal mechanisms or activating specific signaling pathways. In response to drought
stress, wheat plants exhibit a variety of morphological, physiological, and biochemical adaptations. In
addition, molecular breeding is a very good step to reduce the effect of drought stress on wheat
plants. In molecular breeding, several drought drought-resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs)
have been identified. In this review paper, we included some major drought drought-stress QTLs
for wheat.

This study compares the economic appraisal of Protected Cultivation and Precision Farming (PCPF) compared to
open cultivation for various vegetables. The analysis revealed that PCPF demonstrates higher productivity due to
improved labor-to-capital ratios, as indicated by the Arithmetic Mean & Geometric Mean (AM-GM) inequality.
Indeterminate tomato varieties exhibit superior yields and longer shelf lives under PCPF conditions. Cost analysis
showed PCPF reduces operational expenses through efficient drip irrigation and lower plant protection costs,
despite higher initial fixed costs. IRR analysis for the Centre of Excellence in Protected Cultivation and Precision
Farming (PCPF) revealed a promising financial outlook, with the project generating substantial returns. For
instance, the NPV of costs incurred over the years, such as ₹49,51,000 in 2015 and ₹1,99,508.54 in subsequent
years, is offset by significant gross returns, including ₹16,33,946.13 and ₹14,34,437.58 in later years. These
figures, when discounted at rates of 12%, 44%, and 49%, consistently showed that the present worth of gross
returns surpasses the present worth of costs, indicating a robust financial performance. The Benefit-Cost (B: C)
ratio analysis indicated significant growth for cabbage, cauliflower, and tomatoes due to higher off-season prices,
while knol-khol and brinjal show less change. Overall, PCPF enhances productivity, cost efficiency, and economic
returns, underscoring the importance of modern agricultural practices and targeted policies to promote sustainable
vegetable cultivation and improve food security and economic resilience. Further analysis has the potential to
resolve future challenges such as climate variability, technological adoption constraints, and market access
barriers that may hinder long-term sustainability and profitability.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is recognized as one of the most significant
cereal crops worldwide. A major challenge to wheat production is heat
stress, an abiotic factor that significantly diminishes grain yield, particularly in
semi-arid and subtropical regions. Heat stress poses severe threats to wheat
growth, with yield losses estimated at approximately 6% for each 1°C
increase in temperature. Terminal heat stress, which becomes critical when
the average temperature during the grain-filling phase surpasses 31°C, is a
primary factor contributing to reduced productivity. The elevated temperatures
experienced during this crucial developmental stage are the primary drivers
of low wheat yields. During the 2020-21 and 2021-22 growing seasons, the
average temperatures in March and April were 2-3°C higher than usual,
exacerbating the impact of terminal heat stress. Consequently, wheat yields
were reduced by 2-3 quintals per acre. The sudden increase in both
maximum and minimum temperatures across North-West India contributed to
an 8-10% reduction in final crop yields during these years. This review
summarized the general effect and management to this problem. Findings
indicated that elevated temperatures accelerated wheat maturation, leading to
earlier-than-normal harvests. On March 15 of both consecutive years,
maximum temperatures reached 40°C and remained at or above this
threshold throughout the harvesting period. To mitigate the effects of heat
stress, several strategies were employed, including the development of heat-
resistant crop varieties, the adoption of climate-adaptive cropping practices,
the implementation of conservation agriculture, and adjustments to planting
windows. Researchers can use this review to better understand the
landscape of terminal heat stress research and shortcomings.

A field trial was conducted during pre kharif season of 2022-23 at the
Horticultural Research Station,Mondouri,Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya,
West Bengal,India to assess the impact of intercropping on sustainable production
and eco-friendly management of major insect pests of okra under maize border crop.
The trial was laid out in a Randomized block design with seven different treatment
combinations.Jassids and whitefly,specially the white flies,vector of Yellow Vein
Mosiac Disease, have become one of the major challenges for the commercial okra
growers of this area mainly in rainy season.The preswnt work has been carried out
with an aim to manage these notorious pests of okra in a sustainable manner. The
results showed that intercropping had a significant effect on
variousgrowth,yield,quality, economics and major pest complexes of okra.Trial result
revealed that okra and cowpea combination recorded the highest okra equivalent
yield (26.15 ton/ha),closely followed by okra and marigold (22.89 ton/ha). Regarding
pest control, significantly maximum reduction of jassid and whitefly were noticed in
okra and marigold association (35.06% and 27.12 % respectively).intercropping also
showed a notable effect on the quality parameter of the main crop. Intercropping okra
with cowpea produced a significantly maximum concentration of ascorbic
acid(22.5mg/100g) than other treatments.From an economic standpoint, the
intercropping system of okra and cowpea system exhibited highest net
return(Rs.2,35,038.50) and benefit-cost ratio (B:C ratio3.98). The intercropping
system of okra and cowpea was an efficient user of biological resources showing
maximum values for land equivalent ratio(1.50), relative crowding coefficient (2.22)
and lowest aggressivity value (-0.12). Okra and amaranthus combination recorded
lowest values for the above – mentioned parameters. So it can be concluded that
intercropping okra with cowpea might be a sustainableproductionsystemfor farmers
in the gangetic plains of West Bengal.

To delineate the potential crop production zones of cotton and strategies to improve the lower
potential zones in Telangana through experimental means is labororious and cumbersome, so the
present study aimed at the application of calibrated and validated crop simulation models for
delineation of potential production zones by using GIS techniques in Telangana State. Model
application through seasonal analysis the optimum plant density and nitrogen level for the MRC
7201 cultivar was 1,11,111 plants ha -1 at 60 cm x 15 cm spacing with 120 kg N ha -1 The
simulated average potential non-water-limited yield decreased from the western to the eastern
parts of Telangana, varying between 3,717 kg ha -1 and 3,891 kg ha -1 across different sowing dates
(15 June to 30 July). Water-limited yields showed a decreasing trend from the northern to the
southern parts of Telangana, ranging from 2,642 kg ha -1 to 3,029 kg ha -1 . The potential yield of
cotton was highest when sowing occurred on July 22 and July 30. A strategic irrigation
application at the flowering stage for crops sown on June 15 in the Maktal mandal
(Mahabubnagar district) led to a maximum simulated yield increase of 2,500 kg ha -1 . A
maximum yield increase of 1738 kg ha -1 was simulated at the Eturunagaram Mandal in the
Warangal district with strategic irrigation applied at the flowering and boll development stage in
crop sown on 06 July.

The biggest challenge faced by humanity in the 21 st is how to increase crop yields in a profitable,
efficient, and sustainable way. There are several issues constraining agricultural productivity,
such as damage by insect pests, diseases, and weeds. Currently, chemical pesticides remain the
major approach used for suppressing insect pests owing to their well-controlled effect.
Unfortunately, the excessive application of chemical pesticides has caused some serious
problems threatening the environment and human health. RNAi is a post-transcriptional gene
silencing mechanism initiated by the introduction of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into a cell.
This knockdown mechanism of gene by dsRNA is known as RNA interference (RNAi) in
animals and post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants. The basic dsRNA delivery methods
include microinjection, feeding, and soaking. To improve dsRNA delivery, various new
technologies, including cationic liposome–assisted, nanoparticle-enabled, symbiont-mediated,
and plant-mediated deliveries, have been developed. Chemically synthesized and modified
siRNA corresponding to P. xylostellaAChE genes cause significant mortality of the insect both
under laboratory and field conditions, which provides a novel strategy to control P. xylostella and
to develop bio-pesticides based on RNA interference technology. However, the widespread
adoption of RNAi for insect pest management faces several key challenges, including the high
cost of dsRNA synthesis, the need for efficient delivery to the target site, concerns over off-target
and non-target effects, and the potential development of resistance. Furthermore, innovative
approaches such as cell-free RNAi production and nanotechnology-mediated RNAi transfer offer
promising solutions to challenges like high synthesis costs and efficient dsRNA delivery, paving
the way for the practical application of RNAi in sustainable insect pest management.

Study on evaluation of different tulip cultivars was carried out during year 2018-19
at different altitudes of Northern Indian Himalayas(1550 m amsl, 1585 m amsl, 1600 m
amsl , 1615 m amsl ) with an objective to delaminate the genetic diversity on the basis of
qualitative and quantitative traits of growth, flowering and propagation ratio. Results depict
the variability among different tulip cultivars in terms of vegetative, floral and propagation
ratio. The variability response for minimum to maximum ranged 81.00(White flag ) to 114
.00(Candela) for days to bulb sprouting after planting , 107.00 to(Alectric) 135 .00 (Atilla
graffiti) for days to flowering, 4.70(Candela) to 8.50 cm(Apeldoorn) for flower
diameter,9.00(candela) to 23.00 days(Angelique) for duration of flowering, 37.00(white
flag) to 54.51 cm(Apeldoorn) for plant height (cm) , 4.00(white flag) to 6.00(Apeldoorn)
for number of leaves per plant, 1.00(candela) to 1.92(Apeldoorn) for number of bulbs plant -1-
and 9.30(candela) to 19.14 g(Apeldoorn) for bulb weight plant -1 . Evaluation of tulip
genotypes reveals improvement in performance at higher altitudes. Genetic variability on the
basis of morphological parameters categorized cultivars early and mid from flowering
pattern point of view. Significant correlation were observed for different parameters among
the cultivars.

The present investigation was undertaken to generate information on variability,
character association in 247 genotypes including 242 test germplasm accessions (comprising
local landraces a well as accessions procured from national and international gene banks) and
five checks namely Shalimar Rice-1, Shalimar Rice-2, Shalimar Rice-3, Shalimar Rice-4 and
Shalimar Rice-5. The analysis of variance under augmented block design revealed that the
mean sum of squares for blocks ignoring treatments showed significant results for characters
like plant height, number of grains per panicle, 1000 seed weight and yield per plant, while
blocks eliminating treatments showed significant results for all the characters except, number
of effective tillers per plant and number of grains per panicle. Both treatments when ignoring
blocks and treatments eliminating blocks showed significant results for all the characters
except for number of efffective tillers per plant. The mean sum of squares was significant for
all traits in test entries except number of efffective tillers per plant. For checks, the mean sum
of squares showed significance for all the characters . The mean sum of squares for checks vs
entries also were significant for all the traits. The magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of
variation was recorded to be moderatefor plant height ,number of effective tillers per plant,
panicle length,1000 seed weight and high for number of grains per panicleand for yield per
plant. Also the magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation was recorded to be low for
Number of effective tillers per plant while as it was moderatefor plant height, panicle
length,1000 seed weight and high for both number of grains per panicle and yield per
plant.High heritability (> 70 %) was shown by grain yield per plant, , test weight, plant
height, , test weight. Number of effective tillers per plant exhibited significant positive
correlation with panicle length, and 1000 seed weight and was found to be highly significant
with grain yield.

Evaluation of river basins requires land-use and land-cover (LULC) change detection to
determine hydrological and ecological conditions for sustainable use of their resources. This
study investigates the changes in cropping patterns, classification accuracy, and land use
patterns during the kharif and rabi seasons of 2018-19. The supervised classification,
employing the maximum likelihood classifier method, was used to generate the classified
LULC maps in the ERDAS Imagine. The classified images produced by this technique were
evaluated for accuracy through matrix union using the statistical kappa coefficient and overall
accuracy measures. Change detection for the periods 2018-19 was conducted using matrix
union (intersection) to identify apparent changes in various LULC classes. The analysis
shows a significant shift in cropping practices, particularly a notable transition from rice to
wheat during the rabi season, with wheat cultivation increasing by 75.53%. Other crops such
as mustard, vegetable pea, and sugarcane also saw significant changes in acreage, reflecting
farmer’s responses to market and climatic conditions. Soybean, traditionally grown during the
kharif season, shifted to wheat in the rabi season. The classification accuracy for both kharif
and rabi crops was high, with overall accuracies of 92.95% and 94.02%, respectively, and
Kappa coefficients of 89.98% and 92.81%, indicating reliable classification results. Key
challenges included resolving spectral confusion between crops (e.g., wheat vs. mustard) and
addressing cloud cover limitations in kharif-season imagery. The study’s contributions
include: (1) a robust framework for high-resolution crop monitoring in heterogeneous
landscapes, (2) quantification of rapid cropping system transitions, and (3) demonstration of
Sentinel-2’s operational utility for precision agriculture. Results support evidence-based
policymaking for sustainable water and land use in monsoon-dependent systems.