Water is essential for agricultural production, and modern irrigation practices emphasize
feeding the root rather than merely the crop. Recent advancements, particularly in micro-irrigation
systems like laser spray and rain port irrigation, have shown improved efficacy over traditional
methods. This research paper investigates the performance and irrigation dynamics of two emerging
micro irrigation systems, laser spray, and rain port systems, in enhancing water use efficiency in
agricultural practices within Andhra Pradesh, India. The study is anchored in the context of the
increasing importance of micro micro-irrigation technologies to improve crop productivity, especially
in rainfed conditions. Experimental trials were conducted at two agricultural research stations,
Ananthapuramu and Reddipalli, focusing on various performance indicators including Christiansen
Uniformity Coefficient, Distribution Uniformity, Coefficient of Variation, and Depth of Irrigation.
Results indicate that the rain port system exhibits a higher uniformity and lower coefficient of
variation compared to the laser spray system, with mean uniformity coefficients of 86.98% and
79.34% respectively. The distribution uniformity showed that the rain port system maintains better
performance consistency across different operational conditions. Furthermore, the study highlights the
significance of operational pressure and wind speed on irrigation efficacy, noting that the rain port
system's design allows for better water distribution and efficiency in diverse cropping systems. This
research underscores the potential of advanced micro micro-irrigation systems in optimizing water
usage and enhancing agricultural productivity, advocating for their wider adoption in sustainable
farming practices.

Banana cv. Nanjanagud Rasabale (AAB, Silk subgroup) is one of the unique cultivars of Karnataka,
India is now failed to revive its GI (Geographical Indication) tag, the major bane of the cultivar is high
susceptibility to Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc). Hence, there is a need for
the conservation of this elite cultivar from the threat of extinction. Plant germplasm can be conserved by
different approaches one of the valuable biotechnological approaches is in vitro conservation. Laboratory studies
were undertaken to come out with an effective protocol for conserving plantlets through a slow growth process
by media manipulation, viz., by adding different growth retardants. Growth retardants such as ancymidol,
paclobutrazol, abscisic acid, and DMSO at three different concentrations each were supplemented to MS
medium. Among different treatment combinations, MS medium supplemented with DMSO 2.25 ml/l was found
to be most effective by prolonging the period of successive sub-culture (154.53 days) and enabling mid to long-
term conservation of shoot tips. The conserved cultures were regenerated using a standardized medium
comprising MS Basal + 4 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA + 3% sucrose + 0.6% agar-agar. Growth was retrieved
successfully with parameters evaluated. Assessment of genetic stability was performed by using Inter Simple
Sequence Repeat amplification (ISSR) markers. All the 15 ISSR primers amplified unambiguous indicating
monomorphic bands with 100 % monomorphism. Overall, the cultures were conserved by extending the sub-
culture period and prolonged storage life without any genetic variation by using growth retardants.

Dry direct-seeded rice (DSR) is gaining prominence as a sustainable alternative to
conventional transplanting due to labor shortages and water scarcity. However, weed infestation
remains a critical challenge in this method, significantly reducing yields. This study evaluates the
impact of various herbicide combinations on soil microflora, enzyme activity, nutrient uptake,
and weed control in DSR. A field experiment was conducted at the Main Research Station,
Hebbal, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, India, using a randomized block design
with twelve treatments, including chemical and mechanical weed management methods. The
results showed that herbicide combinations such as bensulfuron-methyl + pretilachlor followed
by bispyribac sodium or triafamone + ethoxysulfuron effectively controlled weeds with minimal
impact on soil microbial activity and soil enzymatic functions. These treatments enhanced
nutrient uptake by the crop while reducing nutrient loss through weeds, leading to higher grain
and straw yields. Hand weeding at 20, 40, and 60 days after sowing recorded the highest grain
(5.50 t ha⁻¹) and straw yield (7.22 t ha⁻¹), which was statistically on par with bensulfuron-
methyl + pretilachlor followed by bispyribac sodium (5.39 and 7.16 t ha⁻¹) and bensulfuron-
methyl + pretilachlor followed by triafamone + ethoxysulfuron (5.29 and 7.03 t ha⁻¹). The
lowest yields (grain: 1.40 t ha⁻¹, straw: 2.32 t ha⁻¹) were recorded in the weedy check.

With the pace at which the global population is rising, in that proportion the agricultural
growth rate has not happened thereby affecting food production. In the era, of climate change,
industrialization, the colonization of fertile land, land degradation and the cessation of expanding
agricultural land, the situation has become increasingly unfavorable for meeting food demand
and changing dietary patterns. There is an urgent need to increase productivity per unit area
including climate-resilient alternative agriculture production systems that focus on resilience,
resource efficiency and disease management. Hydroponicsis based on vertical farming can be
achieved through a soilless cultivation system. Recently it has gained interest because of reduced
reliance on agricultural land and pesticides. Hydroponics technique can be used in regions with
poor soil quality, thereby reducing the harmful impacts of extreme weather conditions. The
hydroponic feasibility is depend on minimize challenges in cultivation such as technical
knowledge, initial cost of structure, the spread of water-borne diseases, the maintenance of
microclimates for diverse crops, managing root exudates, and controlling algal growth due
to light and nutrients. The hydroponics system enhances yield and crop productivity by
conserving water, energy, and space. Therefore, it can be an ideal option for agricultural
intensification and the sustainable growth of crop production.

The present study was carried on trachea of 06 healthy poultry of Poonch region. Trachea was
composed of tunica mucosa, submucosa, cartilage rings and adventitia. Mucosa comprised of
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with two cell types. Columnar cells had oval to
elongated nuclei while the basal cells had smaller, rounder nuclei. Intra-epithelial alveolar
mucous glands were observed. Apical region of glands had foamy cytoplasm. Lamina propria
merged with submucosa and consisted of collagen, elastic and reticular fibers with abundant
lymphocytes. Tracheal rings made up of hyaline cartilage consisted of two parts, a much thicker
inner cartilage ring and outer thin ring. The glassy ground substance had lacunae containing
single chondrocyte and few isogenous groups. Loose connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
were reported in tunica adventitia. Striated muscles were connected to the trachea containing
blood vessels and nerve plexus. Histochemically, mucous glands exhibited a strong reaction for
PAS-AB. Perichondrium covering the cartilage ring was moderately to strongly positive for basic
proteins whereas the striated muscle fibers associated with trachea displayed moderate reaction.
A strong reaction for glycogen was seen in the extra-cellular matrix surrounding the lacunae
containing chondrocytes. Epithelium and mucous glands were moderately positive for lipids,
lamina propria was weak and tunica adventitia was strongly reactive for lipids.

A study has been done using eight elite arabica hybrids of coffee for assessing genotypic
differences in physiological and biochemical traits. Arabica genotypes exhibit variability in their
sensitivity to moisture stress. Under the crop's adaptive mechanism, abiotic challenges may
modify not only the overall expression of genetic traits but also the physiological processes of
plants. Identification and categorization of drought-resistant plant species would then be made
easier by an understanding and critical assessment of physiological changes, including
photosynthetic characteristics brought on by soil moisture stress. Therefore, new elite arabica
hybrids were studied for their differences in growth and development, biochemical traits and
carbon exchange rate (CER) in different soil moisture regimes at Central Coffee Research
Institute. During the study S.4813, S.4820 and S.4814 were found to be physiologically efficient
genotypes with high Carbon exchange rates types. These genotypes also showed better
development and growth in comparison to other genotypes with high leaf areas, leaf dry weight,
specific leaf weight (SLW) as well as specific leaf area (SLA), which play a direct role in higher
photosynthesis production of a plant. Further, these genotypes were also found to have high
antioxidant enzyme activity and other biochemical parameters like high carbohydrate content,
higher chlorophyll fractions and epicuticular wax content. The study revealed that S.4814,
followed by S.4813 and S.4820, are found to be superior genotypes with higher stress
adaptability and with potential to yield more under abiotic stress conditions. Hence, these elite
hybrids could be used in further breeding programs to develop drought tolerance genotypes.

Assessment of genetic variability is very essential for breeding programs aimed at the improvement
of a desirable trait. The present investigation was carried out with 14 inbreeds along with 04 checks
evaluated in RBD design with three replications during Kharif 2024. Due to few composites and hybrids the
sweet corn cultivation to limited to small areas in India which necessitated the importance of developing
sweet corn hybrids to meet the market demands with consumer preferences. Analysis of variance among
sweet corn genotypes revealed that all yield and yield-related traits were significant. Higher mean value in
the desirable direction for most of the traits under consideration was depicted by Misthi & CMVL Sweet
Corn 1 checks and genotypes viz., SSCML 7, SSCML 8 & SSCML 9. Higher estimates of GCV, PCV,
heritability, and genetic advance was observed for the traits viz., weight of green cob with husk, weight of
green cob without husk and sweet corn length indicating the role of additive gene action. Priority should be
given to these traits in formulating selection strategies on the basis of these characters to realize better gains
by selection. Association study reveals that Plant height, weight of green cob with husk, sweet corn length
and sweet corn girth exhibited significant correlation in desirable direction with weight of green cob without
husk. Days to fifty per-cent tasseling and silking depicted a negative significant association with green cob
weight without husk indicating that the selection of an early flowering trait with less ASI among genotypes
will show a positive impact on green cob weight. These attributes could be considered for the selection of
high-yielding sweet corn genotypes in formulating a breeding program.

The present study was conducted to determine variability for complex traits of yield and
yield attributes by measuring different morphologically related metric traits and evaluation
of the traits which that are closely related to yield. Grain yield showed high heritability along
with high genetic advance yield and the characters which high heritability along with high
genetic advance and genetic gain were spike length, 1000-grain weight, spikelet per spike,
grains per spike, seed size, awn length, peduncle length, and stem weight would be effective
for selection in the breeding programme. However, highest estimates of heritability (b.s.)
accompanied by high genetic advance as per cent of mean were recorded for grain yield/ ha.
The estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) were highest for grain yield
(35.24%) followed by 1000 grain weight (23.42%), grains per spike (19. 34%) and a number
of spikelet spike (19.32%).It is obvious that yield is a polygenic trait that results from the
contribution of many interacting factors. The phenotypic and genotypic correlations for yield
and yield attributing traits revealed that grain yield exhibited positive and highly significant
genotypic and phenotypic correlation with 1000 grain weight, grains per spike, and spikelets
per spike but exhibited negative and significant genotypic and phenotypic correlation with
days to flowering and days to maturity. The highest indirect positive effects of a number of
grains per spike on grain yield was recorded via a number of spikelets per spike (0.368)
followed by spike length (0.136) and flag leaf length (0.123) whereas grains per spike
recorded a moderate negative indirect effect via length breadth ratio (-0.014), awn length (-
0.011) and peduncle length (-0.145) on grain yield. This study offers treasured acumens for
breeders and researchers working on enhancing wheat productivity to meet the mounting
demands of increasing human population

This study evaluated the field efficacy of various botanical insecticides against the rice yellow stem
borer (Scirpophaga incertulas) during the 2016-2017 seasons. Results indicated that Achook
(Azadirachtin 0.03% EC) consistently demonstrated the lowest incidence of dead heart (1.91%) and
2.50%) and white ear damage (2.89% and 3.59%) consequently during both the year compared to
other insecticides and the untreated control. In both 2016 and 2017, Achook significantly reduced DH
incidence to levels statistically comparable to rynaxypyr 20 SC and dinotefuran 20 SG, outperforming
other botanicals such as Neem Baan, Neemazal, pongamia oil, and Nimbecidine. Similar trends were
observed in WE incidence, with Achook showing the lowest damage, aligning closely with the
chemical insecticides. Achook (Aza. 0.03%) provided the highest incremental grain yield (42.08 q/ha)
and net profit (Rs 26,133.2/ha), outperforming other treatments such as Rynaxypyr 20 SC and
Dinotefuran 20 SG. While Dinotefuran 20 SG showed the lowest cost of protection (Rs 994/ha) and
the highest benefit-cost ratio (24.82:1), neem-based products also demonstrated significant yield
increases over untreated plots. The pooled data over two years also revealed that all botanical
insecticides were significantly more effective in controlling DH and WE compared to untreated plots.
Overall, all botanical insecticides were significantly more effective than the untreated control plot.

Kalmegh is susceptible to various diseases like other crops, which reduce the
yield and quality. Fungicides are applied on crops mainly for protection of plants against
various diseases. Toxic pesticide residues build up in agricultural produce as a result of
frequent, indiscriminate fungicide usage. This fact has casual concern in society to assess
health hazard more accurately. Public health is seriously endangered when pesticide residue
is consumed in food. To maintain the safety of humans and other animals, it is crucial to
research pesticide persistence in crops. In the course of the study on integrated management
of Corynespora leaf spot in Kalmegh under pot conditions, application of Azoxystrobin +
Tebuconazole @ 0.1% at the onset of disease development was found to be most effective,
with 72.03% reduction observed over control. It was found that the residues of Azoxystrobin
11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% – 29.35 SC applied @ 146.5 g ai/ha in Kalmegh leaves reached
LOQ of 0.05 µg/g after 5 days. The waiting period of 9 days can be suggested to be followed
for the safe consumption and processing of Kalmegh leaves following the application of an
approved dose of Azoxystrobin 11% + Tebuconazole 18.3% w/w SC.