Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Assessment of their In-Vitro Antibacterial Potential Against Common Pathogens in Bovine Semen

Bacterial contamination in bovine semen significantly impacts fertility and overall
health in the cattle industry. Traditional antibiotics used to control this contamination
raise concerns about antibiotic resistance and potential adverse effects on sperm
quality. This study explores the use of green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
as an alternative antibacterial agent for semen preservation. AgNPs were synthesized
using ethanolic extracts of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha) and Syzygium
aromaticum (clove) and their antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against common
semen pathogens. The synthesized AgNPs displayed superior antibacterial activity,
particularly those derived from ethanolic extracts, which were further characterized
for their size, shape, stability, and crystalline structure. UV-Vis spectroscopy, Zeta
potential measurements, TEM, XRD, and FTIR analyses confirmed the formation of
stable, spherical AgNPs with desirable properties for application in semen extenders.
This study highlights the potential of green-synthesized AgNPs as a sustainable and
effective alternative to antibiotics for reducing bacterial contamination in
cryopreserved semen, mitigating the risk of antibiotic resistance.
One significant challenge of the study is the variability in the synthesis and
characterization of AgNPs, which may affect their antibacterial efficacy and stability.
Additionally, the potential long-term effects of AgNPs on sperm quality and fertility
require thorough investigation to ensure their safety in practical applications.
Despite these challenges, the study contributes significantly to the cattle industry by
offering a sustainable and effective method to combat bacterial contamination in
cryopreserved semen. By demonstrating the superior antibacterial activity of AgNPs
synthesized from natural extracts, this research paves the way for reducing reliance on
traditional antibiotics, thereby addressing concerns related to antibiotic resistance and
enhancing overall reproductive health in cattle.