Momo is one of the most trending street foods consumed in India and worldwide. Also, the
shifting of consumer preferences from fried food items towards steamed items like momo due
to the high prevalence rate of life style related disorders in the post-COVID era has led to
many modifications to increase its nutritive value. Millets are superfoods of low glycemic
index with high macro- and micronutrients. The present study was conducted to develop
momo by using finger millet flour. A total of five treatments of momo including the control
(M 1 , M 2, M 3, M 4, Co) were developed by mixing 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 0% malted finger
millet flour with refined wheat flour during dough preparation. All the treatments were
subjected to organoleptic evaluation by using a 9-point hedonic scale. The nutritional
composition was evaluated according to standard AOAC methods. The M 3 treatment had
organoleptic scores comparable with that of the control momo. M 3 momo contained a higher
amount of crude fibre, total ash, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, sodium and
potassium than control. Shelf-life evaluation of control and M 3 showed their organoleptic
acceptability up to 15 and 18 days in PET bottles and LDPE pouches at super-chilling and
frozen temperatures, respectively. The textural and rheological properties of finger millet
based momos were inferior as compared to the refined wheat flour based momos and it might
be due to absence of gluten in millet flour.

Preferred technique of oil extraction such as mechanical expression has lower extraction
efficiencies, it is labour-intensive, consumes higher energy and higher initial setup cost. Also,
solvent extraction method uses flammable solvents, has higher initial equipment cost, high
operating costs and high energy requirements. To address aforesaid issues the novel process for
extraction of oil using ohmic heating was developed for the enhancement of oil yield from
enzymatically hydrolyzed rapeseed slurry and the process parameters were optimized using
multilevel general factorial design. Pectinase enzyme was used for enzymatic hydrolysis. The
effect of ohmic heating parameters like voltage gradient (9-15 V/cm), endpoint temperature (70-
100 ºC) and holding time (0-10 min) on oil yield, free fatty acids (FFA) and color of the
extracted oil were investigated. The oil yield, FFA and color value varied from 63.69 to 89.54 %,
0.447 to 1.410 % and 49.08 to 61.67 respectively. The optimum conditions were obtained at
13.65 V/cm voltage gradient, 91.12˚C end point temperature and 10 min holding time which
resulted in the oil yield of 86.22 %, 1.62 % FFA and color value of 59.89.The FFA of the
extracted oil was below the acceptable limit prescribed by BIS and PFA standards.

The research titled “Correlation and path coefficient analysis studies in turmeric
(Curcuma longa L.) under low hills of Himachal Pradesh.” was carried out in Dr. YSP
University of Horticulture and Forestry, Solan (H.P). The experiment was laid out in
randomized block design comprising of 21 diverse genotypes of turmeric, to ascertain the
correlation and path analysis for yield and other horticultural traits among the genotypes. The
correlation coefficient studies showed that yield per plot had positive and significant
association with number of leaves per plant, number of tillers per plant, length of mother
rhizome, weight of mother rhizome, length of primary rhizome, girth of primary rhizome,
length of secondary rhizome and girth of secondary rhizome. Path coefficient showed that the
weight of the mother rhizome, girth of the primary rhizome, girth of mother rhizome, leaf
length, number of leaves per plant, dry matter, number of secondary fingers per plant and
girth of secondary rhizome had a high positive direct effect on yield per plot. Hence, these
characteristics should be given more helpful in the selection program of high-yielding
genotypes in turmeric.

Women constitute almost half of the workforce engaged in agriculture. The rural women
participate in a broad range of agricultural activities involve a lot of physical strain which create
serious health problems in the long run. Keeping this in view a study was conducted in four
villages of Dharwad taluka were randomly selected for the study thus a total sample comprised
of 160 women. With respect to the tools for harvest and post harvest activities of sorghum crop
i.e., two improved sickle from dev Agro Tools Bangalore and one from CIAE Bhopal. The
results revealed that mean working heart rate and energy expenditure was higher during cutting
stalks with CIAE Bhopal sickle i.e., 141.40 beats/min and 13.76kj/min respectively when
compared to traditional sickle. Based on the mean working heart rate, cutting stalks of sorghum
crop was classified as very heavy for CIAE Bhopal sickle and as heavy for traditional, I-108and
I-104 sickles. With respect to the musculoskeletal disorder, the female laborers expressed very
severe pain by the use of CIAE Bhopal sickle compared to other sickle and less score was
observed with I-104 sickle for upper and lower parts of the body. Challenges in this study
included the physical strain experienced by the women during the use of various sickles, which
could affect the accuracy and consistency of the data on health impacts. Additionally, assessing
musculoskeletal disorders and energy expenditure in real-world settings posed logistical
difficulties, as individual variations in technique and body type may have influenced the results.
Despite these challenges, the study contributed valuable insights into the differences in health
impacts between traditional and improved sickles, highlighting the importance of ergonomic
tools for reducing physical strain in agricultural tasks. The findings emphasize the need for better
tool design to prevent musculoskeletal disorders and optimize energy expenditure for female
agricultural workers.

This study investigates the macronutrient, soil sulphur availability, and micronutrient
dynamics across five land use types in Samastipur District, Bihar: mango orchard, forest land,
sugarcane field, dhab land, and uncultivated land. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0–20
cm and 20–40 cm) to assess nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), and key
micronutrients such as zinc (Zn), boron (B), and iron (Fe). Mango orchard soils exhibited the highest
macronutrient concentrations, with available N reaching 325.57 kg ha⁻¹, P at 19.08 kg ha⁻¹, and K at
190.13 kg ha⁻¹. Sulphur availability was highest in mango orchards (19.80 mg kg⁻¹), while
micronutrient availability was also superior compared to other land use types. Conversely,
uncultivated and dhab lands recorded significantly lower nutrient levels, highlighting soil fertility
challenges. This study encountered challenges related to the variability in soil properties across land
use types, which influenced nutrient availability and required rigorous sampling and analytical
procedures. Despite these challenges, the study provides critical insights into macronutrient, sulphur,
and micronutrient dynamics in diverse land use systems. The findings highlight the impact of organic
matter inputs and land management on soil fertility, offering valuable recommendations for
sustainable soil management practices in the Indo-Gangetic Plains. These findings underscore the
critical role of land use in influencing soil nutrient dynamics and emphasize the need for tailored soil
management strategies to optimize land productivity and sustainability.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of oldest and most widely cultivated cereal crops, serving
as a staple food worldwide. However, climate change significantly threatens its growth and
productivity. To improve productivity through varied cropping systems, we evaluated the
economic feasibility and profitability of five wheat varieties Raj-765, Raj-4120, HD-3226,
DBW-187, and DBW-222 under arid and high-temperature conditions. The study utilized a
split-plot design, with cropping systems designated as the main plots and wheat varieties as
the sub-plots, each replicated three times. Our findings show that DBW-222 in the cluster
bean-wheat system achieved the highest grain and straw yields, net returns (NR), and benefit-
cost ratio (BCR) over a two-year analysis. DBW-222, DBW-187, and Raj-4120 also showed
superior yields, NR, and BCR across various cropping systems, including fallow-wheat,
sesamum-wheat, cluster bean-wheat, green gram-wheat, and moth bean-wheat. Further, Raj-
3077 and Raj-3765 performed best in grain and straw yield, net returns (NR), and benefit-cost
ratio (BCR) in the groundnut-wheat system, achieving the highest wheat equivalent yield
(WEY). In contrast, DBW-222, DBW-187, and Raj-4120 excelled in WEY, WESY, NR, and
BCR across the fallow-wheat, sesamum-wheat, cluster bean-wheat, green gram-wheat, and
moth bean-wheat systems. However, when grown in the pearl millet-wheat system, Raj-3077
and Raj-3765 recorded significantly lower WEY, WESY, NR, and BCR compared to all other
varieties. These findings highlight the significant influence of cropping systems on the
performance of wheat varieties, stressing the importance of selecting suitable wheat varieties
and cropping systems to boost agricultural productivity and economic returns, particularly in
arid and hot climates worldwide.

Groundwater contamination is a major environmental concern that impacts both irrigation
and drinking water supplies. To evaluate the water quality in Thakurganj block, Kishanganj
district, Bihar, for its suitability for drinking and irrigation, a total of 55 groundwater samples
(1000 mL each) were collected using GPS-based methods between April and May 2022. The
samples were stored in plastic bottles at 4°C for laboratory analysis of their physicochemical
properties. Standard methodologies were used for analysis, and the results were assessed
based on the guidelines of WHO, APHA, and USDA for drinking and irrigation purposes.
Many groundwater samples from the Thakurganj block were found unsuitable for drinking
due to high iron contamination, exceeding the permissible limit. However, the groundwater
was classified under the C1S1 category for irrigation, indicating it is suitable for crop
production.

Cold stress damage is one of the main meteorological disasters that can befall maize
production, especially in northern regions and high-altitude areas in mountainous
regions. This study was aimed to characterize a set of 164 maize inbreds for cold tolerance
and identify the most promising maize inbreds for cold tolerance in the north western
Himalayas of state Jammu and Kashmir, India at Mountain Crop Research Station, Larnoo,
SKUAST-K, J&K, India . We investigated chilling-induced responses in 164 maize inbred
lines through field-based evaluation utilizing the Cold Tolerance Rating (CTR) and
controlled-environment assessment employing the electrolyte leakage assay. Inbreds were
screened for cold tolerance using a rating scale of 1–5 and cell membrane stability under cold
stress was tested through electrolyte leakage tests from the damaged leaves. SMI-11 was
identified as the most cold-tolerant source followed by SMI-127 and L-17 with a slight
increase in the electrolyte leakage compared to SMI-11. The identified inbreds offer a strong
basis for developing cold-tolerant maize varieties and could be exploited as parental lines in
hybrid development which may improve the resilience and productivity of maize under cold
environments.

Wheat production is affected by emerging problems like climate change, terminal heat stress, and
over-utilization of resources. To obtain consistent yield, variety should be adaptable and stable in
various production conditions. The ideal time of sowing of wheat is before 15 Nov in Indian sub
contientent as delay in sowing will effect the yield because of terminal heat stress so to tackle this
problem more adaptable and late sown varities should be identified so by the present study will
able to identify which genotypes are highly adaptable in late sown condition. The experiment was
carried out at B.A.U, Ranchi 2019-20 with three dates of sowing i.e. timely sowing (E1), late
sowing (E2), very late sowing (E3) using twenty-eight genotypes including advanced breeding
lines, local land races and released varieties, grown in RBD with two replications. The AMMI
analysis of variance revealed that genotype, environment, and their interaction had a highly
significant effect on the yield and yield-attributing traits. The Additive Main Effects and
Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance for grain yield per plant across the
environments showed that 65.49 % of the total variation was attributed to genotypic effects,
11.07% to environmental effects and 23.42% to genotype-environment interaction
effects. The genotypes which has stable yield in all the three environment timely, late and very late
are DBW-273, UP-2981, RAJ-4529, HI-1621, DBW-252, WR-544, DBW-14, WH-1235, PBW-
773. AMMI models revealed stable and high-yielding genotypes suitable for specific
environments, thus DBW-136, DBW-14, DBW-252, WR-544 for Environment 1, DBW-273, UP-
2981 for Environment 2, RAJ-4529, HI-1621 for Environment 3. Overall environment E1
followed by E2 and E3 were suitable for most of the traits. These genotypes could be utilized in
breeding programs to improve grain yield in bread wheat and may be used as stable breeding
material for commercial cultivation.

Adolescence is a crucial transitional period of the human life cycle in which the
concretization of the behaviour and personality of a person takes place. Now-adays,
adolescents are facing behavioural problems largely. Family environment has a great
influence on adolescents' psychological, emotional and social well-being. A positive home
environment has a positive impact on motivating adolescents and is supportive towards
facing challenges in life and developing self-efficacy The present study was conducted to
assess different factors that influences the behaviour of the adolescents of 14-17 years age
group. From both the urban and rural areas of the Hisar district, 60 adolescent school students
were selected randomly for the study from each. The personal and socio-economic factors
and home environment were independent variables and behavioural problems were dependent
variables. The self-made questionnaire and the Family Environment Scale were used to
assess the personal and socio-economic status and the home environment of the respondents,
respectively. The behaviour of adolescents was measured by using the Strengths and
Difficulties Questionnaire. The collected data was analysed by calculating mean, frequency,
standard deviation, z-test, chi-square and correlation test. The results revealed a higher
prevalence rate of behaviour problems in adolescents of rural area than that of urban area.
Behaviour problems of adolescents were positively associated with place of residence and
parental education. The behaviour problems of adolescents were found to be influenced by
parental education, family environment and socioeconomic status of the family. The data in
this study was collected only through the survey which gave only quantitative results. Other
methods such as interview design, longitudinal case studies and observations can be
introduced to gather the information comprehensively.