The chironji nut (Buchanania lanzan) is currently shelled by hand since there isn't a
suitable machine. Since chironji nuts are similar to gorgon and cashew nuts, its their shelling can
also be done through the methods followed in gorgon and cashew nuts. Chironji nuts are
challenging to decorate because of their small size and hard-shelled grains, which cut in much
more strongly to the kernels. It takes a lot of repeated impact and shear stresses on the shell to
shell the nuts. In order to maximize decorticating efficiency and recovery and minimize broken
kernel, a 3 horsepower electric motor-driven sheller with a capacity of 140–150 kg/h was
conceived and constructed. The factors, which include feed rate, moisture content, concave
clearance, and impeller speed, were tuned. The impeller, concave, cleaner/grader, and hopper are
the four main parts of the sheller were mathematically designed. AutoCAD software was used to
model the designed components before they were manufactured in the Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur, India's machine shop. The machine measures 1140 mm in length, 1107
mm in width, and 2120 mm in height. The machine can process 157 kg of nuts per hour with a
69% decortication efficiency. The machine's overall weight was determined to be 168, and the
estimated cost of fabrication was around 65,000 Indian rupees.

This study aimed to assess and understand the knowledge of farmers and the indigenous coping
mechanisms adopted by the farmers to mitigate the climate variability in Semi-arid region of
Karnataka. The pre-tested and structured interview schedules were employed for collecting data
from 240 representative farmers from Vijayapura and Bagalkot district using multistage
sampling technique and data were analyzed and interpreted using appropriate statistical tools.
The findings of the study shows that most farmers reported experiencing climate variability,
particularly the declining rainfall (70%) and rising temperatures (48%) in the recent years.
Nearly 3/4 th of the farmers perceived that climate variability has adversely effected farming
because of frequent crop failures and decreasing crop yield due to lack of water for irrigation as a
result of declining groundwater in the region. The farmers employed indigenous knowledge and
coping strategies to reduce the adverse impacts of climate variability. Farmers adopted
traditional coping mechanisms like adjusting planting dates, adopting early maturing and drought
resistant varieties, and practicing intercropping or mixed farming to mitigate the effects of
climate change. They also diversified their cropping systems and livelihood enterprises to
alleviate climate change risks and enhance resilience. Farmers with greater experience, higher
education levels, large land holdings, and access to irrigation are better equipped to manage
climate variability.

The investigation was carried out at the experimental farm of Dr YSPUHF Nauni, Solan (HP),
India during 2020-22. It aimed to identify the optimal treatments for enhancing the growth, flowering and
quality seed production of Glebionis coronaria and enriching the soil health. The experiment encompassed
9 treatments namely T 1 (jeevamrit @ 5%), T 2 (jeevamrit @ 10%), T 3 (jeevamrit @15%), T 4 (jeevamrit @
20%), T 5 (jeevamrit @ 25%), T 6 (jeevamrit @ 30%) and T 7 (jeevamrit @ 35%) at 15 days intervals, T 8
(RDF) and T 9 (control) were laid out in RBD with three replications. It was observed that better outcomes
in terms of vegetative, flowering and seed yield parameters were recorded in T 8 (RDF) but were found to
be statistically at par with the results obtained in T 7 (jeevamrit @ 35%) followed by T 6 (jeevamrit @ 30%).
Also, the utilization of organic farming products (T 6 and T 7 ) has played a vital role in flourishing the soil
with a vast group of advantageous soil microbiota (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and soil macro-
nutrients than inorganic fertilizers (T 8 RDF). Despite the effectiveness of RDF in enhancing growth and
yield, its long-term environmental impact and declining soil health raise concerns, necessitating sustainable
alternatives like organic amendments. Therefore, with changing climatic conditions and improving
agricultural sustainability and soil health this paper provides a step towards the integration of chemical
inorganic and organic fertilizers. Thus, not only improving the vegetative and flowering capacity of the
plant but improving the soil microbiome and long-term productivity thereby leading to sustainable
ecofriendly agriculture.

Coffee (Coffea arabica) is a major global commodity, yet its productivity is
increasingly challenged by water scarcity, especially in rainfed cultivation systems. This
study investigated the physiological and morphological responses of 16 grafted coffee
combinations and their respective parental lines under 70% water deficit conditions using a
rain-out shelter over three consecutive years (2015–2018). Significant genetic variability was
observed in root traits, total dry matter (TDM) and water use efficiency (WUE). Among the
grafts, S.4538/Sln.6 recorded the highest TDM (112.8 g plant⁻¹), root biomass (27.0 g
plant⁻¹) and shoot biomass (44.9 g plant⁻¹). The highest root-to-shoot ratio was found in
Sln.6/Sln.10 (1.05), while S.4538/Sln.6 showed the lowest (0.60), indicating diverse carbon
allocation patterns under stress.Water use efficiency varied significantly among
combinations, with Sln.11/Sln.11 achieving the maximum WUE (5.84 g kg⁻¹), followed
closely by Sln.11/Sln.6 (5.82 g kg⁻¹), Sln.10/Sln.6 (5.73 g kg⁻¹) andTaffarikela/Sln.6 (5.61 g
kg⁻¹). The highest Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) and Mean Transpiration Rate (MTR) were
recorded in Taffarikela/C x R (4.39 g dm⁻² day⁻¹ and 23.27 mg dm⁻², respectively). Z-
score-based classification further revealed that grafts like S.4538/Sln.6, Sln.6/Taffarikela and
Sln.10/Sln.6 consistently combined high WUE with strong root development. A negative
correlation between MTR and WUE (r = –0.68) confirmed that efficient stomatal regulation
contributed to water-saving strategies under drought.These findings underscore the potential
of grafting drought-sensitive but agronomically elite arabica lines onto physiologically
resilient rootstocks. Such combinations offer a dual advantage of improved water acquisition
and utilization, providing a viable strategy for enhancing coffee resilience and yield stability
under increasing climatic variability.

Mungbean, a climate-resilient legume, encounters productivity obstacles owing to escalating
abiotic stresses. This investigation evaluated 35 genotypes in the arid Rajasthan’s region to
evaluate the genetic variability of 17 yield and stress-adaptive characters. The study aimed to
identify high-performing genotypes exhibiting superior drought tolerance and yield potential,
providing pivotal data to facilitate the development of climate-smart varieties and bolster food
security in water-constrained environments. A total of thirty-five mungbean genotypes were
assessed through a randomized block experimental design, with three replications conducted
across four distinct environments at SKRAU, Bikaner, Rajasthan, during the summer of 2019
and the Kharif season of 2019-20. Standard agronomic practices were implemented throughout
the evaluation process. Furthermore, genetic parameters were estimated via variance component
analysis utilizing R-software, following established quantitative genetic methodologies. ANOVA
revealed highly significant differences among the genotypes across all the evaluated traits.
Particularly noteworthy was the substantial variation observed in stress-responsive parameters,
including membrane stability index, proline content, and relative water content. The genotypes
exhibited high levels of both genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation for proline
content, biological yield, and harvest index. Furthermore, traits such as days to maturity, plant
height, number of pods per plant, membrane stability index, proline content, biological yield,
harvest index, and seed yield exhibited high heritability estimates coupled with a high genetic
advance as a percentage of the mean, suggesting that additive gene action governs these
characters and selection would be effective. The superior performing genotypes encompassed
GM-4, RMG-344, and RMG-62. Notably, genotypes such as IC-52081, IC-52087, and GM-4
recorded high proline content and membrane stability index, which are indicative of enhanced
drought tolerance. Additionally, SML-832 exhibited the highest relative water content, indicating
better water retention under limited moisture conditions.

Maize (Zea mays) is a global staple food crop grown worldwide after wheat and rice adapted
to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Maize is a tropical crop, but also adapted to temperate
conditions. Maydis leaf blight (MLB), also known as Southern corn Leaf Blight (SCLB), is a
serious foliar fungal disease may cause up to 40% grain yield loss. The disease is prevalent in
almost all maize growing areas including Bihar and is a major limiting factor in increasing
yield. Therefore, field studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of different fungicides,
botanicals, bioagents and their combinations to effectively manage the disease under field
conditions for two seasons Kharif 2019 and 2020. Three chemicals (Propiconazole 25% EC,
Mancozeb 75% WP and Carbendazim 12% WP + Mancozeb 63% WP), one bioagent
i.e. Trichoderma harzianum (10 g kg -1 seed) and two botanicals namely Azadirachtin (10%)
and Lantana (10%) were tested alone and in combinations. Results on the application of
different botanicals, fungicides, and bio-agent alone and in combinations, revealed that
comparatively lower disease incidence (31.62 % and 30.59 %), disease index (31.85 % and
30.37 %) and minimum AUDPC (253.12 mm 2 and 255.76 mm 2 ) with maximum grain yield
(54.60 q ha -1 and 52.52 q ha -1 ) and test weight (204.49 g and 206.62 g) was recorded in T5
(Carbendazim +Mancozeb, (SAAF) ST + Propiconazole spray) treated plots during 2019 and
2020, respectively. The identified sources of management can be used further in
strengthening the plant protection in maize against the disease.

Farm women always play an important role and remain a prominent partner in the
agricultural sector. Women form one third of the world’s official labour force but are
concentrated in the lowest paid occupation and are more vulnerable to unemployment than men.
Rural Indian Women are extensively involved in agricultural activities, however, the nature
and extent of their involvement differ with the variations in agro-production systems. Hence, the
study focused on the personality dimensions of farm women. Personality refers to our
characteristic ways of responding to individuals and situations. A study was conducted in
Telangana State. A sample of 120 farm women was selected from rural areas of Telangana by
using the purposive sampling method. The farm women Selected 10 personality dimensions –
Multi Dimensional Assessment of Personality Series (MAPS) Form Adult. (M/S PSY-COM
services, New Delhi, 1996). Was used for assessing the personality dimensions of farm women.
The result of the study revealed that the majority of the respondents comes under the average
category i.e., competition (89%) followed by boldness and self-control (85%), tension (82%),
leadership (68%), social warmth (63%), mental health (62%), imagination (54%), maturity
(44%) and innovation (43%). Less percentage of the respondents comes under low categories
such as boldness (2%), competition (3%), and social warmth (5%). While in high category
leadership (5%), maturity (4%), mental health (2%), self-control (6%) and tension (6%). Because
of low personality dimensions of women need to be trained through personality intervention.
Personality training helps. Women increase their leadership qualities, motivation, creativity, and
mental health.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are injuries or disorders of the muscles,
nerves, tendons, joints, cartilage, and supporting structures of the upper and lower
limbs, neck, and lower back that are caused, precipitated or exacerbated by sudden
exertion or prolonged exposure to physical factors such as repetition, force, vibration, or
awkward posture. The jewellery manufacturing process involves designing, casting,
model making, setting (metal and stone), finishing and polishing. At every step, this
process requires higher concentration and quality checking, as any mistake at any step
involves expensive metal loss. like any craft-based job, jewellery manufacturing also
requires long hours of work exposure, awkward posture and repetitive movements. By
reviewing many articles, it is evident that mitigating these hazards requires
implementing ergonomic measures such as flexible workstations, adequate seating, and
encouraging regular stretching and movement breaks. Education on posture, body
mechanics, and the significance of tool design in reducing strain can also help prevent
injury. Additionally, the use of ergonomic tools and equipment, such as specially
designed chairs, magnification devices, and proper lighting, can further reduce strain on
workers. Implementing job rotation strategies and scheduling adequate rest periods can
also help minimize fatigue and overuse injuries. Furthermore, fostering a workplace
culture that prioritizes health and safety can encourage workers to adopt best practices,
ultimately enhancing productivity and well-being in the jewellery manufacturing
industry.

The current experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture,
Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani (Maharashtra) during the year 2020
and 2021. The pot experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD)
which was replicated twice with two factors, i.e., grafts and salinity levels. In grafts, there were
four varieties grafted on Solanum torvum i.e., Phule Arjun, Phule Harit, Krishna and Manjari
Gota, by adopting cleft method and there were five salinity levels i.e., Control, 2, 3, 4 and 5 dS
m -1 which were imposed with the help of sodium chloride (NaCl) salt to assess the response of
rootstock towards the fruit and yield attributes under salinity stress conditions. Among the
different varieties grafted on Solanum torvum Phule Harit showed significantly superior
performance for fruit (fruit weight, volume, diameter and length), yield (fruit yield/plant and
hectare). In interactions, Phule Harit grafted on Solanum torvum was found maximum for fruit
weight, volume, diameter and length, yield per plant and hectare.

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), a vital vegetable in tropical and subtropical regions,
faces intense weed competition due to its sluggish early development and open
canopy, particularly during the rainy season. This study evaluates the effectiveness of
integrated weed management (IWM) strategies in kharif okra, focusing on chemical,
mechanical, and physical control methods. The experiment compared various
treatments, including the use of herbicides (oxyfluorfen and propaquizafop),
intercultivation, and black polythene mulch. Results demonstrated that combining
oxyfluorfen and propaquizafop with intercultivation provided effective early-stage
weed control. Meanwhile, mechanical weeding combined with hand weeding at
critical stages reduced weed infestation and biomass significantly. Notably, black
polythene mulch consistently achieved the highest weed control efficiency (WCE)
throughout the crop cycle by acting as a physical barrier, suppressing light, and
moderating soil temperature and moisture. One challenge faced in the study was the
management of weed flushes at different crop stages, especially in high rainfall
conditions that favored rapid weed proliferation. Additionally, the risk of
phytotoxicity from certain herbicides necessitated precise application and timing.
Despite these constraints, the study contributes valuable insights into practical,
sustainable, and resource efficient weed control strategies for okra cultivation under
monsoonal agroecosystems. This research confirms that a multi-strategy weed
management approach especially the integration of plastic mulching with manual
weeding offers a reliable and environmentally friendly method to optimize okra
productivity in resource-constrained farming systems. The findings endorse IWM as a
cornerstone for enhancing crop yield and sustainability in vegetable production.